Biology 2a
- Created by: annabertram
- Created on: 08-02-15 14:58
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- Biology 2A
- Cells
- Animal Cells
- Nucleus - contains genetic material.
- Cytoplasm - where most chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes.
- Cell Membrane - holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out.
- Mitochondria - where most of the reactions for respiration take place and respiration releases energy.
- Ribosomes- where proteins are made.
- Plant Cells
- All the parts of an animal cell.
- Cell Wall - made of cellulose and supports the cell and strengthens it.
- Permanent Vacuole - contains cell sap.
- Chloroplasts - where photosynthesis occurs. Contains chlorophyll.
- Yeast Cells
- It is a single-celled organism that contains a nucleus, a cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall.
- Bacterial Cells
- They are single-celled microorganisms that has a cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall but no nucleus, just genetic material.
- Specialised Cells
- Red Blood Cells - the concave shape gives a big surface area to carry as much oxygen as possible.
- Sperm and Egg Cells are specialised for reproduction.
- Guard Cells - they open and close the stomata in a leaf - when the plant has lots of water the guard cell fills with it and goes turgid, this makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.
- Palisade Leaf Cells - packed with chloroplasts, near to the light at the top and tall shape for absorbing CO2 down the side.
- Animal Cells
- Diffusion
- "The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration."
- The bigger the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion.
- Cell Organisation
- Cells
- Tissues - a group of the same type of cells.
- Organ - a group of different types of cells/tissues.
- Organ System - a group of organs each with a specific job, working together for one common function.
- Organism - a group of organ systems, a living thing.
- Organ System - a group of organs each with a specific job, working together for one common function.
- Organ - a group of different types of cells/tissues.
- Tissues - a group of the same type of cells.
- Cells
- Photosynthesis
- Carbon Dioxide + Water ----> Glucose + Oxygen.
- Plant Structure
- Mesophyll Tissue - this is where most of the photosynthesis in a plant occurs.
- Epidermal Tissue - this covers the whole plant.
- Xylem and Phloem - they transport things like water, mineral ions and sucrose around the plant.
- Rate of Photosynthesis
- Limiting Factors
- Light - at night light becomes the limiting factor.
- Temperature - in winter the limiting factor is often the temperature.
- Carbon Dioxide - if it's warm enough and bright enough CO2 usually becomes the limiting factor.
- You can artificially create the ideal conditions.
- Temperature - greenhouse.
- Light - artificial light at night.
- Carbon Dioxide - use a paraffin heater because CO2 is a by-product.
- Limiting Factors
- How Plants Use Glucose
- For respiration.
- Converted into cellulose to make cell walls.
- Stored as starch.
- It is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids/proteins.
- It is stored into lipids (fats and oils) for storing in seeds.
- Distribution of Organisms
- You can place a quadrat on the ground at a random point.
- Where an organism is found is affected by environmental factors:
- Temperature.
- Availability of water.
- Availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Availability of nutrients.
- Availability of light.
- Use can use transects to measure the distribution of organisms. A transect could be a tape measure etc.
- Cells
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