Biological Rhythms
- Created by: annagabrielle
- Created on: 27-03-16 22:10
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- Biological Rhythms
- Types of rhythm
- Circadian
- Cyclical variations over 24 hours
- Sleep-Wake cycle
- Cyclical variations over 24 hours
- Infradian
- Over 24 hours
- Phases of the moon
- Over 24 hours
- Ultradian
- Under 24 hours
- Sleep cycle
- Under 24 hours
- Circadian
- Functions of Sleep
- Evolutionary Theory
- Protection
- Don't get killed
- Sheep sleep short
- Lions sleep long
- Alison + Cicchetti - sleep in 39 species, predator sleep long, prey sleep short
- Meddis - sleeps keep prey out of danger at times when advantageous activities impossible
- Conservation
- Save time and energy
- Hibernation
- Webb - hibernation is to conserve time and energy when food supplies are low
- Migration
- again when food sources are low
- Protection
- Restoration Theory
- Oswald
- REM
- Brain- neuro-chemicals replaced, regenerated from protein synth
- NREM
- Body - getting rid of chemical waste, repairing cells, protein synth
- dependent on growth hormone- released after first burst of delta waves
- Shapiro - runner spend longer in NREM after marathon
- Body - getting rid of chemical waste, repairing cells, protein synth
- Evaluation bad - protein synth all day , brain active during REM, over simplistic
- Sterne+ Morgan - people who suffer brain injury spend more time in REM
- Evolutionary Theory
- Sleep cycle
- Cycles
- 1) 1,2,3,4,3,2, REM
- 2) 2,3,4,REM
- 3, 4 + 5) 2,REM
- 2) 2,3,4,REM
- 1) 1,2,3,4,3,2, REM
- Measuring sleep
- EEG- brain waves
- EOG- eye activity
- EMG- muscle tension activity near chin
- Types of sleep
- NREM - 4 stages
- Stages
- 0- relaxation stage
- 1- theta waves
- 2- sleep spindles + k complexes
- 3- delta waves 50% of time
- 2- sleep spindles + k complexes
- 1- theta waves
- 0- relaxation stage
- Stages
- REM - brain more active, faster waves, rapid eye movement
- paradoxical sleep - active brain, paralyed muscles
- NREM - 4 stages
- Cycles
- Sleep and age
- Newborn
- 50% REM, 16-18 hours sleep
- Baby
- 13-14 hours sleep - 45-60 minute cycle
- Toddler
- once daytime nap
- Child
- 5-10=2 y/o - 70 min cycle, 9-10 hours sleep, REM 25%
- Teen
- less regular pattern due to puberty
- Young Adult
- 53% 18-25 y/o suffer daytime sleepiness
- Middle Age
- Early middle age - require as much as teens but are distracted, work, babies
- 30-45 y/o- shallower, shorter sleep, greater fatigue more caffiene + alcohol intake
- Old Age
- 45-60 want to go to bed earlier, 7 hours sleep, no stage 4 sleep
- 60+ - frequent interruptions, microarousals lasting 3 seconds, 200-1000 per night
- Newborn
- Sleep disorders
- Narcolepsy
- symptoms- extreme daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis
- Bio causes- gene defect responsible for OREXIN
- HLA-DQB1 *06:02
- Sakuri- levels of orexin are reduced in people with narcolepsy
- Wickens - injecting orexin into areas of brain increses REM in sleep
- Thannickal, Moore + Niehuis- orexin producing cells in hypothalamous are educed in narcoleptics
- Sleep Walking - Somnmbulism
- walking, peeing, moving stuff in sleep
- Bassetti - HLA DQB1*05 gene focus
- 16 genetically tested, 50% had the HLA DQB1*05
- Insomnia
- Primary - ilness in itself, idiopathic, onset in childhood
- Morin- 67 ppts, 40 w/, 27 w/o
- insomniacs rated daily stressors + life events hight than good sleepers
- nature + nurture
- insomniacs rated daily stressors + life events hight than good sleepers
- Morin- 67 ppts, 40 w/, 27 w/o
- Secondary- as a result of poor health, physically or mentally
- Monti- depression suffers improved sleep after taing anti-depressants
- Treatments - improved sleep routine, reduce stress, CBT
- PPP- Predisposing- genetic component, Precipitating- envoronmental factor, Perpetuating- learned association
- Sleep hygiene- reducing alcohol+ caffeine, quieter + darker sleep env. increased exercise
- Sleep state misconception- subjective vs objective
- 10 night in lab, reported mean time to fall asleep- 90, actual 15. Total sleep time reported 4 hours, actual 6.5 hours
- Primary - ilness in itself, idiopathic, onset in childhood
- Narcolepsy
- Disruptions of sleep
- Jet Lag
- crossing time zones- W>E worst, body ready for sleep but local zeitgebers counter this
- phase delay- putting off sleep, phase advance- forcing self to sleep
- Scwartz- major league baseball teams, teams travelling W>E had much fewer wins
- melatinin secretion remains in parttern of home country
- Cho- performance deficits in jet lagged crew
- Shirt Work
- effects- sleepiness, fatugie, digestion issues, poor concentration
- Workplace - reduced prodctivity, increased number accident
- e.g. chernobyl, three mile island
- Czeisler - chemicl plant Utah, high rate health problems
- due to body entering state of internal desync (Aschoff)
- practical application, phase delay system introduced, improved output and satisfaction of workers
- Hawkins- 11 nurses- performance improved after sccessive nights on shift
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Colin Blakemoore - case study of Pat Moore, experienced unipolar depression for years
- Humans are sensitive to light
- Booker + Hellekson - Alaska, (% SAD, Finland high suicide rate in winter
- Colin Blakemoore - case study of Pat Moore, experienced unipolar depression for years
- Jet Lag
- Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers
- Endogenous - internal clocks e.g. heart pacemaker
- Richter - rats daily activity levels - genetically inherited mechanisms
- these cycles are influenced by external world
- Exogenous zeitgebers - external cues e.g. light levels
- Morgan - supra-chiasmatic nucleus of hamsters
- those transplanted from mutant (shorter cycles) adapted behvious of mutant
- Abraham - injected melatonin into sparrows- induces sleep
- Michel Siffre- pent 7 months underground (no exog)
- behaviour remained cyclical but 25-32 hr days
- Folkard - case study: Kate Aldcroft - 25 day isolation
- 30 hr rhyhm
- Miles - young male blind from birth - had a 24.9 hr circadian rhythm
- Stephen + Zucker - damaged SCN and bio rhythms
- rats 12hr light, 12hr dark
- damaged SCN = abnormal circadican rhythms
- rats 12hr light, 12hr dark
- Timonen - conceptions increased in lightter months of year
- levels of light may have an influence on pituitary gland
- Reingberg- 600 girls from northern Germany
- menarche more likely to occur in winter + reached earlier by blind girls
- Types of rhythm
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