Biological Molecules
- Created by: sophieemariee18
- Created on: 23-04-18 14:29
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- Biological Molecules
- Monosaccharides
- Sweet tasting
- Soluble
- (CH2O)n
- n can be any number between 3 and 7
- Glucose
- Glucose has 2 Isomers - Alpha and Beta
- Alpha glucose has an OH on the bottom
- Beta glucose has an OH on the top
- Glucose has 2 Isomers - Alpha and Beta
- Disaccharides
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
- Polysaccharide
- Many monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond
- Large
- Insoluble
- Starch
- Small grains
- Seeds and tubers
- Energy source
- Alpha Glucose
- Insoluble so it can't be draw in into cells by osmosis
- Spiraled so its compact
- Glycogen
- Animals and bacteria
- Insoluble so it can't be drawn into cells by osmosis
- Alpha glucose
- Compact
- Cellulose
- Beta glucose
- Straight, unbranched chains
- Chains run parallel to each other and are joined with H bonds
- H bonds add stregnth
- In cell walls
- Lipids
- Roles
- Energy Sources - When oxidised, it produces the same amount of energy as the same mass of carbohydrates
- Waterproof - Lipids are insoluble in water
- Insulation - Fats help to contain body heat
- Protection- Fat is stored around delicate organs
- Triglycerides
- 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
- Each fatty acid forms an ester bond
- A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds
- An unsaturated fatty acid has double bonds
- Phospholipids
- 2 fatty acids, phosphate and a glycerol
- Hydrophilic - Water loving
- Hydrophobic - Water hating
- Roles
- Proteins
- Each has 4 chemical groups attached
- Amino - NH2
- Carboxyl - COOH
- Hydrogen - H
- R chain
- Joined by peptide bonds
- Bonds broken by hydrolysis
- Primary Structure
- Joined by polymerisation
- Determines shape and function of amino acid
- Secondary Structure
- Polypeptide chain is twisted into a 3D shape
- Tertiary Structure
- Disulphide bridges
- Ionic bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
- Quaternary Structure
- There may also be non-protein groups with the molecules
- Each has 4 chemical groups attached
- Enzymes
- When colliding with substrates, a number of conditions need to be met
- Sufficient energy
- Free energy of the products must be less than that of the substrates
- Activation energy
- Globular Protein
- Substrate fits into the depression making an enzyme substrate complex
- 3D
- Increased temperature, increased collisions, faster rate of reaction
- pH alters the charges on the amino acids that make up the active sites of the enzymes
- Increased enzyme concentration, faster rate of reaction until all enzymes are used up
- Inhibitors
- Competitive -attaches to active site
- Non-competitive- attactches to ezyme and changes active sites shape
- When colliding with substrates, a number of conditions need to be met
- Nucleic Acids
- A nucleotide has a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
- Bond formed between nucleotides are called phosphodiester bonds
- RNA
- Polymer made up of nucloetides
- Pentose sugar is always a ribose
- Bases - Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Uracil
- DNA Structure
- Pentose sugar is always deoxyribose
- Joined by H bonds
- Cytosine + Guanine
- 2 H bonds
- Thymine + Adenine
- 3 H bonds
- Replication of DNA
- Unzipped by DNA Helicase
- Free nucleotides added by DNA Polymerase
- ATP
- Immediate energy
- A few seconds worth
- Continuously made in mitochondria
- Used for: metabolic processes, energy, activation of molecules, secretion and active transport
- Water
- Water redily dissolves gasses, wastes (ammonia, urea), inorganic ions and enzymes
- Evaporation - to cool organisms
- Not easily compressed
- Transparent - for photosynthesis
- Monosaccharides
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