Biological molecules
- Created by: josie30
- Created on: 25-05-17 16:16
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- Biological Molecules
- Monomers and Polymers
- monomers=1 molecules/polymers=more than 1 molecule
- formed with glycosidic bond in condensation reaction
- glycosidic bonds broken in hydrolysis
- formed with glycosidic bond in condensation reaction
- monomers=1 molecules/polymers=more than 1 molecule
- Carbohydrates
- Disaccharide=2 sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic bond
- glycosidic bonds
- form between two monosaccharides
- formed by condensation, broken by hydrolysis
- glycosidic bonds
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Main Carbohydrate in plants- amylose and amylopectin
- Iodine test
- +iodine to sample IF starch present change to blue-black colour
- multibranched a-glucose polymer-main energy store in animals
- Starch
- B-glucose polymer, several parallel chains, very strong
- Glycogen
- Benedict's test
- 1. Heat reagent and sample at 85 degrees C
- 2. colour change to red
- 3. if no colour change heat with acid at 85 degrees C
- 4. add alkali and repeat steps 1&2
- 3. if no colour change heat with acid at 85 degrees C
- 2. colour change to red
- 1. Heat reagent and sample at 85 degrees C
- Disaccharide=2 sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic bond
- Lipids
- Triglycerides
- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
- linked by ester bonds
- can be saturated or unsaturated
- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
- Phospholipid
- 1 phosphate group + 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains
- polar, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
- Emulsion Test
- shake with ethanol then pour into water IF cloudy then lipid present
- Triglycerides
- Proteins
- primary structure
- sequence of amino acids
- Biuret test
- Add alkali solution, add copper sulfate solution- purple indicates protein
- primary structure
- Enzymes
- Proteins which lower the activation energy of a reaction
- Active site of enzyme binds to substrate
- Lock and Key Hypothesis
- Active site highly specific to substrate
- Induced Fit Theory
- Active site not perfectly matched to substrate
- Upon formation of enzyme-substrate complex, active site changes shape
- Factors which affect enzyme activity
- pH
- enzymes work at optimal pH
- Deviation from optimum denatures enzymes
- Temperature
- warmer=more kinetic energy
- beyond threshold, enzymes are denatured or inactive
- Enzyme concentration
- increases until all substrate used up
- Substrate concentration
- more substrate=more enzyme-substrate complexes formed until fully saturated
- pH
- DNA and RNA
- DNA
- Nucleotide bases
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Functions
- Information store
- Genes code for primary structure of proteins
- Structure
- Stable polynucleotide
- Usually double-helix
- Arranged in chromosoomes
- It is degenerative- the genetic code doesn't overlap
- Triplet = 3 bases which code for 1 amino acid
- Nucleotide bases
- RNA
- Ribose sugar
- Nucleotide bases
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Adenine
- Uracil
- Phosphodiester bonds establish sugar-phosphate backbone
- (condensation reaction)
- Complementary base pairing always occurs
- DNA transcription
- 1. DNA unzips
- 2. Exposed strand is template for RNA
- 3.RNA synthase makes RNA
- Untitled
- 3.RNA synthase makes RNA
- 2. Exposed strand is template for RNA
- 1. DNA unzips
- DNA
- DNA replication
- 1. Helix unzips
- 2. Exposed strand acts as template
- 3. Complementary base pairs are joined by DNA polymerase
- 4. 2 Daughter strands are identical
- 3. Complementary base pairs are joined by DNA polymerase
- 2. Exposed strand acts as template
- Any mutations are infrequent and random
- 1. Helix unzips
- ATP
- synthesised from ADP + inorganic phosphate
- hydrolysed during energy-requiring cellular reactions
- structure
- has 3 phosphate groups
- has a 5-carbon ribose sugar
- contains nucleotide base- Adenine
- Water
- Properties of water
- Good Solvent
- Cohesive/adhesive properties
- Thermal Stability
- provide habitat
- Metabolic
- Properties when frozen allow life
- provide habitat
- Water is a polar molecule
- Properties due to hydrogen bonding
- Properties of water
- Inorganic Ions
- They are often enzyme activators/inhibitors
- Hydrogen ions (protons) determine pH
- Iron ions form part of haemoglobin
- Sodium ions are involved in transport across membranes
- Phosphate ions are in DNA and ATP
- Monomers and Polymers
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