B1 - Disease and infection
- Created by: miriammorris
- Created on: 28-01-15 17:23
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- B1 - Disease and infection
- Infectious disease
- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens - microorganisms which cause disease.
- fungi - causes athletes foot
- Bacteria - causes cholera
- Viruses - causes flu
- Protozoa (single celled organisms) - eg dysentry can be caused by protozoa.
- Antibodies
- Every pathogen has unique molecules on the surface- these are called antigens.
- White blood cells produce a protein called an antibody - which lock on to and kill invading cells. They are specific to one pathogen meaning they can only lock on to one.
- Some antibodies remain in the body after its done its job - this is called a memory cell. If the body becomes infected by the same pathogen again, the body will immediately produce antibodies to kill it - the person is immune.
- White blood cells produce a protein called an antibody - which lock on to and kill invading cells. They are specific to one pathogen meaning they can only lock on to one.
- Every pathogen has unique molecules on the surface- these are called antigens.
- White blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them.
- Antitoxins counteract the effect of any poisons produced by the foreign pathogens.
- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens - microorganisms which cause disease.
- Preventing and treating Infectious disease
- When you're infected with a new pathogen, it takes a long time for the white blood cells to produce an antibody to fight it.
- To avoid this you may be immunised against the disease.
- in this process inactive or dead pathogens are injected into the body. These carry antigens which are harmless however they will still trigger an immune response.
- Your white blood cells will create antibodies to fight the disease. Some cells will remain as memory cells.
- in this process inactive or dead pathogens are injected into the body. These carry antigens which are harmless however they will still trigger an immune response.
- To avoid this you may be immunised against the disease.
- Active immunity is where the immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by a pathogen. It involves being artificially immune and naturally immune . It is usually permanent.
- Passive immunity is where you use antibodies produced by another organism, eg antibodies passed from a mother to her baby through breast milk. this is temporary.
- Risks: swelling, redness, if you're already ill you can't have some vaccinations, it is thought that vaccinations can cause other diseases (the MMR vaccination is thought to have links with autism).
- Antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria without killing body cells. However they cannot kill viruses.
- Antivirals can be used to kill viral infections. they stop viruses from reproducing.
- Some bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics and misuse can lead to increased rate of development of resistant strains. (eg MRSA)
- Antivirals can be used to kill viral infections. they stop viruses from reproducing.
- When you're infected with a new pathogen, it takes a long time for the white blood cells to produce an antibody to fight it.
- Cancer and drug development
- Cancer is caused by cells dividing out of control. Tumours can be benign or malignant.
- Benign - This is where a tumour grows until theres no more room, the cells stay where they are. This type isn't usually dangerous.
- Malignant - The tumour grows and can spread to other sites in the body. Malignant tumours can be fatal.
- Healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of getting cancer - not smoking can prevent lung cancer and eating less processed meat and more fibre could prevent colon cancer.
- Malignant - The tumour grows and can spread to other sites in the body. Malignant tumours can be fatal.
- Benign - This is where a tumour grows until theres no more room, the cells stay where they are. This type isn't usually dangerous.
- 77% of patients with breat cancer survive for at least 5 years
- 6% of those with lung cancer do
- New drugs to prevent or treat disease need to be thoroughly tested before use. Computer models are used first of all to simulate a humans response to the drug. This isnt always accurate.
- The drug is tested on human tissue.
- The drug must be tested on two different live mammals.
- There is then a clinical trial. One patient is given the drug and one is given a placebo.
- This tells the scientist the difference the drug makes. This allows rhe placebo affect
- When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better.
- This tells the scientist the difference the drug makes. This allows rhe placebo affect
- There is then a clinical trial. One patient is given the drug and one is given a placebo.
- The drug must be tested on two different live mammals.
- The drug is tested on human tissue.
- Cancer is caused by cells dividing out of control. Tumours can be benign or malignant.
- Infectious disease
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