Attachment
- Created by: annagabrielle
- Created on: 04-04-16 17:05
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- Attachment
- Close emotional tie characterised by love, warmth and affection
- Learning Theory
- Classical conditioning
- Pavlovs Dogs
- food unconditioned stimulus
- relief from hunger
- attachment formed with feeder
- relief from hunger
- food unconditioned stimulus
- Pavlovs Dogs
- Operant conditioning
- hunger is a drive state
- feeding is drive reduction
- food is primary reinforcer
- food provider is secondary reinforcer
- these reinforcer's are associated and attachment formed
- food provider is secondary reinforcer
- hunger is a drive state
- Social Learning Theory
- Bandura
- OMIT
- Bandura
- Classical conditioning
- Bowlby
- Evolution
- Innate
- increases chances of survival
- Monotropy
- attachment to primary caregiver
- need for warm intimate relationship ith one contimuous carer
- Internal working model
- Child's relationship provides a model/ template for future
- Continuity hypothesis
- early relationships effect later relationships
- Continuity hypothesis
- early relationships effect later relationships
- Proximity
- attachment promotes proximity to caregiver
- Cognitive development
- strong attachment essential for cog dev
- provides a safe secure base to explore from
- Critical period
- window of opportunity for attachment to form
- Evolution
- Scaffer and Emerson
- Stages of attachment
- Indiscriminate
- 0-6 months
- Discriminate
- 7-18 months
- Multiple
- 18 months +
- Indiscriminate
- Stages of attachment
- Types of Attachment
- Secure
- explore freely, engage with strangers, visibly upset, happy on return
- Insecure avoidant
- ignore/avoid caregiver, not care whe gone or return
- Insecure resistant
- wary of strangers, highly distressed, not calmed by caregiver
- STRANGE SITUATION
- Cultural Varitions
- Van Izjendoorn + Kroonenberg
- Meta-analysis of 32 studies over 8 countries
- mostly secure, avoidant resistant altered between countries
- Meta-analysis of 32 studies over 8 countries
- Takahashi
- 60 middle class Japanese infants and mothers
- 68% secure, 32% resistant, 0% avoidant
- 60 middle class Japanese infants and mothers
- Van Izjendoorn + Kroonenberg
- Cultural Varitions
- Secure
- Disruption of attachment
- Privation
- never having formed attachment
- Harlows Monkeys
- wire mother w/ bottle vs cloth mother w/o bottle
- preferred cloth mother for comfort
- never recovered
- wire mother w/ bottle vs cloth mother w/o bottle
- Genie
- Institutional care
- Hodges + Tizard
- 65 children, privation, by 4 24 adopted, 15 returned home, rest stayed in care
- tested for social + emotional ability at 4,8, 16
- at 4, none formed attachments
- at 8 attention seeing and difficulty in social relationships
- at 16, experienced most instability, showed some difficulty in lter attachments
- tested for social + emotional ability at 4,8, 16
- 65 children, privation, by 4 24 adopted, 15 returned home, rest stayed in care
- Goldfarb
- early fostered vs late fostered
- early fostered faired better physically, socially, emotionally, cognitively
- early fostered vs late fostered
- Hodges + Tizard
- Depriation
- formed a tie but the tie is broken
- Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
- Bowlby
- First 3 years most important
- Evidenced by Rutter
- Romanian orphans, adopted later = high level of dis inhibited attachment
- Evidenced by Rutter
- Separation 6 months+ - psychological trauma
- separation leads to juvenile delinquency or affectionless psycho- pathology
- Evidence
- Spitz+ Wolf
- 123 babies separated from prison mothers
- babies cried more, lost appetite + weight
- when returned to mother, behavious returned to normal
- babies cried more, lost appetite + weight
- 123 babies separated from prison mothers
- Spitz+ Wolf
- Institutional care
- Hodges + Tizard
- 65 children, privation, by 4 24 adopted, 15 returned home, rest stayed in care
- tested for social + emotional ability at 4,8, 16
- at 4, none formed attachments
- at 8 attention seeing and difficulty in social relationships
- at 16, experienced most instability, showed some difficulty in lter attachments
- tested for social + emotional ability at 4,8, 16
- 65 children, privation, by 4 24 adopted, 15 returned home, rest stayed in care
- Goldfarb
- early fostered vs late fostered
- early fostered faired better physically, socially, emotionally, cognitively
- early fostered vs late fostered
- Hodges + Tizard
- Privation
- Daycare
- Types: nurseries, childminders, nanny, informal
- Peer relations
- EPPE project - 3000 3-7 y/o, home vs daycare
- high quality daycare = better social development, early start = better socially
- Shea et al - videotaped 3/4 y/o at playtime, first 10 weeks
- chlidren become more siciable the longer they are in daycare
- Alspac - progress of 14000 UK kids, NO negative effects of daycare
- Tiffany Field- questionnaire, 28 5-8y/o - more friends, 56 11y/o - more extra curricular activities
- EPPE project - 3000 3-7 y/o, home vs daycare
- Aggression
- Nichd- longitudinal, over 2000 American kids from different backgrounds
- more time in daycare = more aggressive, full time daycare 3x as likely to display behavioural problems
- Nichd- longitudinal, over 2000 American kids from different backgrounds
- Implications
- Good daycare = low staff to child ratio, small groups, mixed ages, structured, well trained staff
- Untitled
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