1600s: religion

Created by: ElizabethH2525
Created on: 26-04-19 11:19

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Religion during the 1600s
- Charles' reign
  - 1625: England was a Confessional State
    - Failure to attend CofE services treated as a crime
    - Beliefs set out in the Book of Common Prayer
      - Mostly linked to the Elizabethan Settlement
    - But there were growing divisions within Anglicanism about the church's beliefs and practices
      - Arminianism promoted rituals and formal ceremony
        Followed the Catholic belief in free will = can reject salvation
        Contrast: Puritans believe in predestination
  - Laud and the Arminian threat 1625-40
    - Laud was promoted Bishop of London in 1628 and then Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633
      - London = largest bishoprick: large influence
      - Arminian: wanted to impose religious uniformity on church services
        Moved the communion table to the east end of the church
        
        Vestments and incense were to be used in services
        Angered the Puritans because they stressed outward forms of worship
        Offended further by Laud's Book of Sports in 1633
        Allowed people to participate in traditional sports and pastimes on Sundays
        Puritans saw Sunday as a holy day of rest
        
        Some Puritans appeased by the reduction in the number of sermons
        
        Hymns and sacred music were encouraged
        Angered the Puritans because they stressed outward forms of worship
        Offended further by Laud's Book of Sports in 1633
        Allowed people to participate in traditional sports and pastimes on Sundays
        Puritans saw Sunday as a holy day of rest
        
        Some Puritans appeased by the reduction in the number of sermons
        
        Stained glass windows were to be insalled
        
        Many accepted Laud's demands as they imposed fewer demands on those who attended Sunday services
        
        Imposition of Laudianism
        Visitations
        By the agents of bishops in their dioceses
        
        Personally reviewed by Laud and CI
        
        Use of church courts
        Court of High Commission
        Trial of Bastwick, Burton and Prynne
        Rejected by many of the gentry for disrupting the "middle way"
        Attacks on Laud became a key feature of the Long Parliament (1640)
        
        Symbolized shift from Protestant to Catholic practices
        Threatened security of the CofE
        
        Political concerns: promoted those from "humble beginnings" - seen as taking their positions
        
        Smuggled anti-Arminian texts from abroad and published attacks on the bishops
        
        Ears mutilated; imprisoned for life
        Controversial: punishments seen as too harsh in proportion to their offences
        
        Many unable to accept the changes: left for the American colonies
        
        Rejected by many of the gentry for disrupting the "middle way"
        Attacks on Laud became a key feature of the Long Parliament (1640)
        
        Symbolized shift from Protestant to Catholic practices
        Threatened security of the CofE
        
        Political concerns: promoted those from "humble beginnings" - seen as taking their positions
    - Before Laud
      - 1624: Montagu's attack on Calvinist doctrine - A New Gag for an Old Goose
      - 1626: Charles banned all discussion on sensitive religious doctrine: supported Arminian private worship over Puritan idea of preaching
  - From 1640 onwards
    - Laud arrested = Arminianism gone
    - Root and Branch Petition, December 1640
      - Attempted to remove the bishops
        Abolition of episcopacy
      - Supported by many in the City of London
        Related to religious grievances e.g. the feared encouragement of Catholicism
        
        15,000 signatures
        
        Edward Hyde drew on widespread support to remove bishops from the PC and HOL
        Overall attempt failed: HOL didn't want to remove themselves
        
        Overall attempt failed: HOL didn't want to remove themselves
    - Introduction of Presbyterianism
      - 1645: gov't formally resolved that the gov't of the church should be Presbyterian in form
      - 1644: Westminster Assembly
        Wanted to establish a Presbyterian national Church
        
        3rd January: presented with an Apologetical Narration
        Appealed to the right to establish independent churches outside the national establishment
        Rejected: would open the way to other such developments
      - 1646: resolutions confirming the collapse of episcopacy and commitment to a form of Presbyterianism
      - A national Presbyterian Church ultimately failed
        Growth of radicalism
- The Restoration Church
  - 1660: the Convention p'ment re-restablished the CofE
  - 1660: restored bishops under the Worcester House Declaration
  - Details left to the Savoy House Conference
    - The Calaviers and bishops in the HOL ensured a high number of High Church Arminians were present
      - Gilbert Sheldon determined to re-establish RE uniformity on a Laudian model and to abolish non-conformity
        1663: became Archbishop of Canterbury
    - May 1661: decisions about belief, the Book of Common Prayer and clergy demands left in the hands of HC Arminians
  - Hopeful of a flexible national Church
  - 1662: Act of Uniformity
    - Imposed formality, rituals, priestly robes and episcopal control
      - So harsh: drove 1800 ministers of their livings
        Would have to re-accept ordination: suggested their previous ministry was invalid
        
        Would have to renounce the Covenant, to which they'd sword an oath of loyalty
        
        Would have to 100% accept the Prayer Book
    - Restrictions on non-conformists
    - Clarendon Code
      - Corporation Act (1661)
      - Conventicle Act (1664)
        First Conventicle Act had expired by 1667 = allowed dissent to grow again
      - Five Mile Act (1665)
- The Interregnum and the Rump
  - 1650: intense and widespread Conservative reaction
    - Harsh Blasphemy Act (1650)
      - Persecuted radicals
      - Nayler case
        One of those sent on the "Mission to the South" by Fox
        
        1656: seen riding a donkey into Bristol on Palm Sunday
        Seen as a re=enactment of Christ's journey into Jerusalem
        
        OC intervened: prevented him from being executed
  - Existence of radical groups
    - Mostly short lived, prone to interval dissent (aside from the Quakers)
    - Widespread desire for the restoration of religious and social discipline
    - Calvinist sects were able to meet
  - OC's desrire for religious toleration
    - Aim of a godly nation
    - Existence of radical groups
      - Mostly short lived, prone to interval dissent (aside from the Quakers)
      - Widespread desire for the restoration of religious and social discipline
      - Calvinist sects were able to meet
    - Wanted to encourage a "reformation of manners" = living morally virtuous lives with God
  - The Protectorate
    - Those who met outside the Church were largely kept in peace so long as they were discreet
      - Not harming others
        Quakers were seen to to so: excluded from the 1650 Toleration Act, along with Catholics
    - The Church was placed under control of the Triers and Ejectors
      - Ensured its ministers were compotent, well-educated and able to preach the word of God
- Reigns of Charles II and James I
  - Clarendon Code
    - Corporation Act (1661)
    - Conventicle Act (1664)
      - First Conventicle Act had expired by 1667 = allowed dissent to grow again
    - Five Mile Act (1665)
  - 1662: CI attempts to suspend the AOU and issue a first DOI
    - Defeated by bishops and Cavaliers
    - Failed: strength of anti-Puritan sect in p'ment
  - 1673-85: CII and Danby minimising the influence of Protestant disenters
    - 1673: Danby = Lord Treasurer
      - Allowed to renew persecutions of Protestant dissenters
        Strengthened royal and Anglican authority - Tory policies
        By 1685, the Anglican establishment was well and truly the Church of England (but not yet achieved the level of conformity desired)
      - Used patronage to build up majorities in the HOC and HOL
        Strengthened royal and Anglican authority - Tory policies
        By 1685, the Anglican establishment was well and truly the Church of England (but not yet achieved the level of conformity desired)
    - Remodelling of borough charters ensured Tory and Anglican control
  - 1672: Second Declaration of Indulgence
    - Tried to suspend persecuting laws and allowed dissenters to not attend Church whilst meeting with a license
  - 1667: fall of Clarendon
    - Establishment of the Cabal
      - 2/5 = Catholic. 1 near atheist and 1 with associations to moderate Puritanism
  - Establishment of dissent
    - Sympathy
    - Commitment
    - Mistakes from enemies

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1600s: religion

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