1500-1700 Renaissance in England
- Created by: Katie2007
- Created on: 26-02-23 13:30
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- 1500-1700 The Medical Renaissance in England
- Ideas about the cause of disease and illness
- Change and continuity
- The four humours
- Change Scientists such as Sydenham and Paracelsus rejected the theories because it could not explain the Great Plauge.
- despite challenging the humours most physicians and people still thought the four humours caused disease.
- Supernatural not many people believed it caused diseas.
- Astrology in 1664 the alignments of planets was used to blame the great plague by many.
- Religion less people believed god caused disease and less spread of the four humours. Although God was still blamed for the Great Plauge
- New scientific Thinking
- Frascatoro theories (1546) that seeds in the air may spread disease,
- Thomas Sydenham promotes 'direct observation of patients using diagnosis rather than using books.
- Miasma The idea that bad smells and evil fumes caused disease this was a main thought about the Great Plauge.
- The four humours
- A specific approach to diagnosis
- the importance of Thomas Sydenham
- Known as the father of English medicine
- he said that Drs must rely on own observations and practical experience rather than just reading books. they should visit the patients and make notes on their conditions to ensure correct diagnosis.
- Said the 4 humours was completly wrong and that god did not cause disease.
- Sydenham's observations were used as part of medical training for 200 years.
- The royal society and printing press allowed for growth of ideas that lead eventually to medical change
- the importance of Thomas Sydenham
- Improved communication - printing press/Royal society
- The Royal society was founded in 1660 at Gresham College in London
- Aims were to carry out experiments to further understanding of science and to encourage debate challenge old ideas and search for new theories.
- Printed scientists book and journals like philosophical transactions even froign medical and scientific books that helped spreas new ideas.
- Journals contained clear evidence of science and challenged existing ideas.
- The best scientists worked together to share research encouraging enquiry and experimentation.
- The Royal society was founded in 1660 at Gresham College in London
- The key issue was that despite better Understanding no-one still could not find the cause of disease and it remained slow for new ideas spread or transitions to decline
- Change and continuity
- Approaches to prevention and treatment
- Treatment of disease
- Change
- Chemical Cures Alchemy became a new treatment inspired by Paracelcus also called Iatrochemistry.
- over 122 chemicals suggested to treat 2140 illness. Antimony was used to purge illness by encouraging sweating and sickness. Didn't realise it was poisonous! also Mercury which was used for small pox .
- Transference A new idea that illness could be transferred from patient to someone else if you rubbed an object on it.
- Chemical Cures Alchemy became a new treatment inspired by Paracelcus also called Iatrochemistry.
- Continuity
- Bleeding and purging still popular to rid the four humours.
- Rhubarb was used to purge the bowel during the Great Plauge but it weakened patients and did not work
- Religious many believed the kings touch could cure as he was close to God. Many still preyed during the Great Plauge
- Supernatural The new London Dispensary suggested magic to cure malaria 'cut off hair, feed to birds in an egg and put inside a tree . Magic charms were still used during the great plague.
- Bleeding and purging still popular to rid the four humours.
- Herbal Remedies
- Herbal remadies remained popular colour matched to illness e.g red wine to cure smallpox.
- exploration of new world brough new herbs and spices like Quinine which Sydenham used to cure Quinine which worked.
- Books used to spread ideas on herbal remedies such as Mary Doggett's Scurvy Cure
- A patient could expect sime form of treatment in a hospital
- A good diet of healthy food. A visit from a physician who would observe them and suggest treatment Medication, provided from the hospital apothecary
- Change
- Prevention of Disease
- The practice of staying clean to avoid illness continued through Regimin sanitatis this included in the home bathing however was less popular due to the spread of syphilis in bath houses.
- People still believed in Miasma and wearing sweet smelling herbs. More effort however was made to remove it through sewage draining bogs and cleaning rubbish from streets.
- superstition and ideas was still apparent the idea of moderation spread, avoiding exhaustion, fatty foods, drinking too much or being lazy. The superstition of your birth health rose, being a weak child could explain later illness
- Medical Care
- Change
- Specialist hospitals grew that focused on one disease such as plague.
- These were known as pest houses, pox houses or plauge houses
- Small spread of charity hospitals after dissolution of the monistries wiped out many church run hospitals
- Specialist hospitals grew that focused on one disease such as plague.
- Continuity
- Most sick people were cared for at home as physisians were still very expensive
- Women contiued to play an impportant role in the care of the sick.
- Healers
- Apothecaries and surgons
- Still not given any university training and considered inferior they remained a cheaper alternative to Drs.
- began to organise themselves into guide systems meaning they could train as apprenticies and become masters in their field.
- Practical experience grew in the period with ongoing wars and new treatments such as iatrochemistry
- Apothecaries and surgons
- Change
- Andreas Vesalius
- Studied medicine through Europe Was a grave robber steeling dead bodies to disect to improve anotomy knowledge First person to dissect a Brain
- Openly challenged Galen's idea on human anatomy
- Work of Vesalius
- Six Anatomical tables They became popular in training
- Fabric of the human body
- Galen's mistakes
- Vesalius found 300 mistakes
- The huma jaw was in one part not two (galen used a pig)
- Blood does not flow into the heart through invisible holes
- The book contained many images of the body in stages of dissection to show perfect representaion.
- Galen's mistakes
- Factors that aided him
- Attitudes
- Tecnology and Art the printing press allowed for thousands of his books to be printed and atists made the pictures more realistic
- Importance: he was a trailblazer his work on veins was developed further by fabricus who taught William Harvey
- Treatment of disease
- Harvey and the Great Plauge
- William Harvey
- Harvey's and Blood
- dissected both dead humans and live cold blooded animals
- influenced by new mechanical water pump of the time thinking that human circualtion perhaps worked in the same way.
- Harvey's discoveries
- Proved Galens theory was Wrong
- Proved Vesalius right by trying to pump liquid the wrong way up a vein. proving arteries and veins were linked together by one system.
- proved Blood circulation from the heart was pumped around the body
- Was Royal Dr to King Charles I and James I
- He added the voise of argument or disection and experiments showing it worked.
- progression on blood was slow until 1901
- Harvey's and Blood
- The Great Plauge
- Ideas on causes
- Atrology The alignment of Jupiter and Saturn in 1664 and the sighting of a comet suggested trouble was coming
- God many belived it was another punishment from god for mans wickedness and sin
- Miasma
- Four humours
- Passing it on which was right and people were quarantined even whole villages like Eyam in Derbyshire
- Treatment of the Plauge
- many physicians fled London to the countryside to avoid getting ill
- Quack Drs (untrained who sold medical cures/ advisce) were popular.
- They wore waxed cloaks with bird shaped beak like masks ( to attracct disease away) filled with sweet smelling hebs to ward of miasma
- Treatments
- Herbal Remadies called 'Great medicines were common e.g London Treacle contained wine, herbs, spices, honey and opium.
- Bleeding and purging
- Transference a new idea straping a live chicken to the bubo to transfer the plague to the bird.
- Prayer Remained common but no flagellants this time
- Prevention
- Public meetings, fairs and large funerals were banned, whilst theaters were closed.
- Barrels of tar or sweet smelling herbs were burnt on newly cleaned streets to drive away the miasma
- 40,000 dogs and 20,000 cats were slaughtered as they were blamed for spreading the disease.
- Households with the disease had red crosses painted on their doors and quarantined for 28 days and the dead collected daily.
- Advise of healers and physicians
- Carry a pomander to ward off Miasma
- Dieting and fasting or eating a diet of garlic
- Plague was sold by apothecaries which included mint, rosemary, nutmeg and sugar.
- Smoking tobacco was encouraged to ward off miasma
- if you catch syphilis you wont catch the plague
- Ideas on causes
- William Harvey
- key individuals
- Paraclelsus declared Galen a liar and a fake
- Richard Lower made the first blood transfusion 1665
- Robert Hooke His book Micrographia used one of the first microscopes to view plant cells and small animals such as fleas
- Van Leuwenhoke discovered bacteria
- Progress
- Ideas on the cause of disease. The use of urine charts were no longer used due to scientific development.
- Public health Efforts were made to clear miasma. Moderation rich encouraged to continue to follow Regimin Sanitatis to help keep health.
- medical Knowledge
- Treatment and care: Hospitals small growth. Surgery improved due to growing dissection. Herbal remedies
- Ideas about the cause of disease and illness
- proved Blood circulation from the heart was pumped around the body
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