BIOLOGY

Transpiration

is the loss of water by evaporation from the aerial parts of a plant

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What factors alter the rate of Transpiration?

p77 ---- Number of leaves, number of stomata, presence of cuticle, light, temperature, relative humidity, air or wind movement, water availability.

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How does water move up the stem?

Root Pressure, Transpiration pull, capillary action

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Cohesion

is the attraction of water molecules for one another

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Adhesion

is the attraction of water molecules to the walls of the xylem

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Symplast Pathway

water moves through the cell cytoplasm

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Apoplast pathway

moves the water in the cell walls and between the cells

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Plasmodesmata

a fine strand of cytoplasm that links the contents of adjacent cells

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Phloem

Transports sugars and other assimilates up and down the plant !!! is a plant transport tissue that carries the products of photosynthesis (eg. sugars) to the rest of the plant. It consist of sieve tube elements and companion cells.

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Xylem

TRANSPORTS WATER UP THE PLANT is a plant transport tissue that carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant. It consists of hollow column of dead cells lined end-to-end and reinforced with lignin. It provides important support for the plant.

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The Bohr Effect?

refers to a change in the shape of the oxyhaemoglobin curve when carbon dioxide is present- this causes the ocyhaemoglobin to release oxygen more readily

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Source and Sink

releases sucrose into the phloem (source) and A sink removes sucrose from the phloem.

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what are Carbohydrates used for?

Energy storage and supply, structure (in some organisms)

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what is the role of a Protein?

Structure, transport, enzymes, antibodies, most hormones.

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What are lipids role?

Membranes, energy supply, thermal insulation, protective layers/padding, electrical insulation in neurones, some hormones

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Whats the role of Vitamins and Minerals?

Form parts of some larger molecules and take part in some metabolic reactions, some act as coenzymes or enzyme activators

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Role of Nucleic Acids?

Information molecules , carry instructions for life

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Role of Water?

Takes part in many reactions, support in plants, solvent/medium for most metabolic reactions, transport

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Metabolism

is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism.

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What happens in a Condensation reaction

a water molecule is released, a new covaelnt bond is formed, a larger molecule is formed by the bonding together of smaller molecules

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What happens in a hydrolysis reaction

a water molecule is used, a covalent bond is broken, smaller molecules are formed by the splitting of a larger molecule

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Cellulose

a carbohydrate polymer made by bonding many beta-glucose molecules together in long chains.

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Haemoglobin

a globular transport protein.

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Collagen

is a fibrous structural protein

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Triglyceride

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

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Phospholipid

Glycerol plus two fatty acids and a phosphate group

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Cholesterol

Four carbon based ring structures joined together

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Hydrogen Bond

weak interaction that can occur whenever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen. Water molecules hydrogen bond with each other extensively.

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BIOLOGY

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