Youth subcultures

?
  • Created by: JessC2001
  • Created on: 02-02-20 22:24
Teddy boys
1950s, time of high employment/affluence, excluded, did bad in school. Had nowhere to go, hung out in cafes, Edwardian-style bright jackets
1 of 77
Punks
Anti-establishment views, freedom, nonconformity. Punk-rock music. Leather jackets, Dr Martens. Bricolage
2 of 77
Hebdige
bricolage - punk culture putting together everyday items in a new way i.e. safety pin earrings. +'incorporation' describes how these subversive styles are often taken over by media/fashion industries, become mainstream, lose rebellion, fade away
3 of 77
Spectacular
Highly visible subcultures i.e. punks, teddy boys
4 of 77
Anti school subcultures
people who reject norms and values of school and reverse them
5 of 77
Marxist view of deviance/rebellion
caused by proletariat frustration, youth subcultures a form of resistance to the capitalist system
6 of 77
Functionalist view of deviant subcultures
A necessary part of society (i.e. need for police), gives youth a place in society. Allows social integration, otherwise isolation -> anomie.
7 of 77
Anomie
People have no sense of belonging, lacking shared norms and values -> chaos (normlessness)
8 of 77
According to functionalists, youth culture
Provides a shared set of norms+values with peers, sense of belonging. Safe outlet for transition childhood->adulthood, allows to 'let off steam'. Rebellion is normal, a way of testing boundaries, experimentation -> contributes to SOCIAL ORDER
9 of 77
According to functionalists, period of rebellion contributes to
social order (a way of testing boundaries, experimentation, and reinforcing acceptable norms + values)
10 of 77
Jacobson et al
Majority of youths in custody had complex backgrounds, majority suffering from deprivation + parental absence (1/2 deprived household, 1/4 absent fathers)
11 of 77
Males aged _-_ were responsible for _% of all police recorded crime in ___/__, with young women only _%.
10-17, 20%, 2009/10, 4%
12 of 77
In regards to crime, females tend to
grow out of it quicker - peak age offending 15F, 18F
13 of 77
___ make up majority of young people in CJS, however majority of youth crime/deviance is done by ___
Afro-carribean, white British
14 of 77
Young black males are
7x more likely to be stopped/searched by police
15 of 77
Functionalist theorists
Merton, A. Cohen, Cloward & Ohlin, Miller
16 of 77
A. Cohen
Teen boys desire status/respect in the eyes of ones fellows, aspiring them to achieve mainstream goals. WC boys recognise they are inferior, developing status frustration. Deviant subcultures to deal with this, may lead to status.
17 of 77
Merton
Individuals may experience conflict between society's goals/values and what they are actually able to achieve.
18 of 77
Cloward & Ohlin
Deviance as a reaction towards problems in reaching mainstream values, deviance to obtain illegitimately.
19 of 77
Miller
WC boys values are different, not pushing for academic success, about focal concerns i.e. being streetwise
20 of 77
Thornton
Girls have less income, so teen market is dominated by boys. Girls invest more time into school whereas boys want money, leading to a difference in subculture capital. When a style moves from being underground to mainstream, it becomes feminised
21 of 77
Evaluation functionalists
Most evidence from functionalists arguments come from white, middle-class American males, ethnocentric, generalisability issues. Also, generalised about youth culture, not accounting for individual subcultural differences between youths (CAGE)
22 of 77
Evaluation Marxists
Ignores girls in subcultures, outdated (looked at 1960s/70s), ignored middle class subcultures - they picked subcultures to fit their analysis (however, research on hippies - Brake, part of CCCS)
23 of 77
McRobbie
Black ragga girls challenge male sexism and reclaim their sexualities by using music to dance in a sexually explicit way
24 of 77
Skinheads
Spectacular subculture. Represented an exaggerated version of WC masculinity. Manual workers' clothes, macho, aggressive, often racist. Clarke: WC identity under threat due to economic conditions, so exaggerated as a form of resistance
25 of 77
Reddington
Active female members of some spectacular cultures i.e. punk as resistance to those who opposed marriage. However, within punk, female performers were no taken as seriously, i.e. referred to as 'punkette' by reviewers, judged on appearance more
26 of 77
McRobbie
Girls are becoming more active in relation to consumer culture - for example, many don't passively accept teen girl magazines, instead critiquing/laughing at them. Magazines shifted romance -> self confident sexuality. +ragga girls
27 of 77
Hollands
There are less differences between men and women in terms of who dominates the public sphere - women are going out more (+in groups, like men). Less bedroom culture.
28 of 77
New Right view on inequality
Way of clearing out the 'dead wood' of society.
29 of 77
Why do Underclass youths participate in deviant subcultures according to Murray?
Haven't been properly socialised into value consensus held by society - norms/values different + based on criminality
30 of 77
Becker
Labelling theory. Those in power (police, teachers) have the ability to make labels stick. Self fulfilling prophecy - internalise label + change behaviour to live up to the expectation.
31 of 77
Interactionists see deviance as
a social construct; society defined 'deviant' behaviour, identifying the type of people they see as deviants. Young WC males get labelled, affecting how they are seen/treated
32 of 77
Cicourel
Social Organisation of Juvenile Justice. 3 stages of dealing with potential deviants
33 of 77
1st stage dealing with potential deviants
Police stop/interrogate/search based on interpretations of behaviour as suspicious
34 of 77
2nd stage dealing with potential deviants
Arrest - may depend on appearance/manner
35 of 77
3rd stage dealing with potential deviants
Probation officer assesses suspect so see if they fit profile of a typical delinquent
36 of 77
Cicourel linked arresting to
Social class - less likely to be arrested if polite (usually middle/upper class due to good socialisation). Or if parents talk to police prove to be a 'good' family. Justice can be negotiated.
37 of 77
Interactionism criticism
1. Doesn't explain why youths commit deviance before labelling - what came first? 2. Deterministic - assumes everyone passively lives up to label.
38 of 77
Cicourel conclusion
delinquents are constructed by the agencies of control and their policies
39 of 77
Marxism explanation for crime and deviance (theorist)
Lea & Young: 3 main explanations for crime/deviance. 1. Relative deprivation 2. Marginalisation 3. Subcultures
40 of 77
A Cohen (class)
status is harder to achieve through legitimate means for working class
41 of 77
Cloward & Ohlin (culture)
WC may experience blocked opportunities (+deviance as a reaction towards problems in reaching mainstream values, obtain illegitimately)
42 of 77
Decker & Van Winkle
Reason for joining gangs consists of pulls (attractiveness of gang - status, money) and pushes (from society towards gang due to class inequality)
43 of 77
White
Gangs linked to Underclass conditions, providing security for vulnerable groups, allowing them to cope with oppressive environments + marginalisation
44 of 77
The type of deviant subculture that develops (functionalists) will depend on the illegitimate means available. 3 types of deviant subculture according to functionalists.
Criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures
45 of 77
What is a criminal subculture
Develop in stable, slum-like areas with a hierarchy of criminal opportunity
46 of 77
Conflict subcultures
unstable disorganised areas with high mobility, no hierarchy, youths turn to violence, gangs are formed to defend areas.
47 of 77
Retreatist subcultures
formed by youths who failed to achieve legitimately or illegitimately, unable to access success. They retreat from society’s values altogether, -> i.e. addiction, petty crime.
48 of 77
Young
Challenges New Right views of Underclass, calling it a 'sociology of vindictiveness'. We live in a bulimic society where citizens worship money and success, but many are excluded from achieving them. WC youth deviance->emotional response to exclusion
49 of 77
Antischool subcultures form among __ pupils, can be argued as
WC, a way of protecting their self esteem and fear of failure
50 of 77
Willis
Lads and ear'oles: Lads saw themselves as school failures, reversed it to be a good thing, bullying studious ear'oles. Spent time 'having a laugh', didn't value education (job with dads). Followup: worked in factory, still messed around
51 of 77
Mac an Ghaill
Parnell school study - male subculture: macho lads, 3Fs
52 of 77
Archer & Yamashita
Inner City London Boys: attached to bad boy image, hyper-sexuality, academic achievement = soft
53 of 77
Jackson
Studied laddishness, cool to be clever, not to work hard. Ladette culture: smoking, swearing, being loud (typically white WC underachieving girls)
54 of 77
Blackman
The New Wave Girls: academic and resistant subculture defined by music tastes (new wave, punk) and appearance (Dr Martens, punk fashion). Resisted regimes of school (skipping lessons, adapting uniform). Academic, anti-school NOT anti-education
55 of 77
Brown
3 possible responses to education among WC: getting in, getting out, getting on
56 of 77
Getting in
Low achievers who wanted manual occupations
57 of 77
Getting out
High achievers who wanted to use education to improve their social position
58 of 77
Getting on
Ordinary WC who just got on and complied with the rules and demands of school
59 of 77
Messerschmidt
The gang acts as a location for 'doing masculinity' which has to be proved
60 of 77
Campbell
Deviance has become a key means by which young men can express their masculinity
61 of 77
Faludi
Young males committing criminal behaviour is not deviant but an expression of the qualities society admires in males - toughness, bravery, strength
62 of 77
Connell
Masculinity should not be an excuse for criminality, and this type of hegemonic masculinity ignores all other types and also ignores female deviance
63 of 77
Connell rejects
Biological explanations and considers media violence an explanation
64 of 77
Lees
Girls are subject to more control: by becoming deviant they will be double deviant (going against norms + values AND femininity)
65 of 77
Klein
Female gang members commit equally violent acts
66 of 77
Burman et al
Only 5% of 200 girls reported being routinely violent to others, none were in a gang or knew any other girls who were
67 of 77
Sewell
Street culture of anti-education, education seen as feminine. Successful black males are a target for bullying.
68 of 77
4 visible groups/reactions to school according to Sewell
Conformists, innovators (pro-education but anti-school), retreatists (dropouts), rebels (form subcultures). Argued majority of black males are conformists but the rebels get most attention -> negative stereotype
69 of 77
Nightingale
Young black males in Philadelphia consumed mainstream US culture through media like everyone else, but was excluded from fully participating in mainstream means of achieving society's goals -> illegitimate means, i.e. crime, to achieve
70 of 77
Nightingale
Paradox of inclusion - desire to be included drives the desire for success, but to achieve this for those suffering with poverty & racism means deviance and criminality, which ensures exclusion.
71 of 77
Scapegoat/folk devil
people portrayed in society as the deviant outsiders, creating an us vs them scenario through the spread of hostile gossip and the spiral of moral panics.
72 of 77
S Cohen argued folk devils & moral panics have 3 stages
Symbolisation, exaggeration, prediction
73 of 77
Symbolisation
Folk devil is portrayed in one singular narrative, their identity oversimplified to be easily recognisable
74 of 77
Exaggeration
the facts of the controversy surrounding the folk devil are distorted or fabricated, fuelling the "moral crusade"
75 of 77
Prediction
Further immoral actions on the part of the folk devil are anticipated
76 of 77
Cohen noted that the depiction of mods and rockers as violent troublemakers led to
a rise in deviant behaviour by them - labelling theory.
77 of 77

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Punks

Back

Anti-establishment views, freedom, nonconformity. Punk-rock music. Leather jackets, Dr Martens. Bricolage

Card 3

Front

Hebdige

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Spectacular

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Anti school subcultures

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Sociology resources:

See all Sociology resources »See all Youth Culture resources »