Organic chemicals where one or more of the hydrogen atoms on ammonia have been replaced by alkyl chains
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Alkylammonium salt
A compound where the hydrogen(s) on an ammonium ion have been substituted by alkyl chains eg.CH3CH2NH3+Cl-
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Alpha amino acid
Both functional groups (-COOH and -NH2)attached to the same carbon atom
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Zwitterion
Formed from an amino acid when their two functional groups exchange a proton and make an internal salt (-NH3+ and -COO-)
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Isoelectric Point
When there is no net electrical charge due to each zwitterion having an internal balance of charge
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Amide
A class of compound with a functional group made of an acyl group (RC(O)-) which is directly attached to an amine. Primary amide general formula: RC(O)NH2
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Optical Isomers (type of stereoisomerism)
Molecules which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They have the same chemical properties, similar physical properties but different biological properties and interact with polarised light differently
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Chiral Carbon
A carbon with 4 different groups attached
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Enantiomers
The two optical isomers that are chemically identical, physically similar but interact with biological systems and polarised light differently
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Racemic Mixture
50:50 mix of enantiomers. No effect on polarised light as the rotations of the two isomers cancel each other out
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Repeat Unit
The arrangement of atoms that ocurs many times in a polymer
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Addition polymerisation
Where monomers have at least one C=C, which breaks and joins other monomers together. Only one product
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Condensation Polymerisation
Chemical reaction to form a long-chain molecule by elimination of a small molecule, such asa water. Polymer and small molecule (eg.water) formed
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Polyester
Condensation polymer made from a diol and dicarboxylic acid or one molecule with one of each group.Forms an ester link(R-COO-R')
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Polyamide
Condensation polymer made from a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid or one molecule with one of each group. Forms an amide link (R-CONH-R')
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Nitrile
An organic chemical with a -CN functional group
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Reduction (multiple defnitions)
Loss of oxygen. Gain of electrons. Lowering of oxidation number. Gain of hydrogen.
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Friedel-Crafts
Reactions allow electrophilic substitution to occur on an aromatic ring
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Alkylation
When hydrocarbon chains are added to an organic compound. Reagents:an aromatic compound, haloalkane and strong Lewis acid catalyst (eg. FeCl3)
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Acylation
When RCO- is added to an organic compound. Reagents:an acyl chloride and a strong Lewis Acid catalyst under reflux
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Distillation
Technique used to separate miscible liquids or solutions
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Heating under reflux
Technique used to ensure that volatile compounds are not lost from the reaction mixture
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Recrystallisation
Method for purifying organic compounds
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Synthetic Route
A series of reactions that can be used to change a starting chemical into a target molecule
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A compound where the hydrogen(s) on an ammonium ion have been substituted by alkyl chains eg.CH3CH2NH3+Cl-
Back
Alkylammonium salt
Card 3
Front
Both functional groups (-COOH and -NH2)attached to the same carbon atom
Back
Card 4
Front
Formed from an amino acid when their two functional groups exchange a proton and make an internal salt (-NH3+ and -COO-)
Back
Card 5
Front
When there is no net electrical charge due to each zwitterion having an internal balance of charge
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