The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
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Structural formula
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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Displayed formula
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
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Skeletal formula
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from the alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
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Homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each SUCCESSIVE member differing by CH2
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Functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
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Alkyl group
Formula CnH2n+1
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Aliphatic
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
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Alicyclic
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
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Aromatic
A compound containing a benzene ring
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Saturated
Single carbon-carbon bonds only
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Unsaturated
The presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds, including C=C and aromatic rings
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Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
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Homolytic fission
Each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
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Heterolytic fission
One bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair
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Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
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Curly arrow
Representing the movement of an electron pair
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Sigma bonds
Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms
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Pi bond
Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
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E/Z isomerism
An example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group
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cis-trans isomerism
A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same
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Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
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Markownikoff's rule
In the case of electrophilic addition of H-X to an asymmetrical alkene, predicts that the H atom bonds to the C atom (of the C=C bond) already bonded to the most H atoms due to the relative stabilities of carbocation intermediates in the mechanism
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Nucleophile
An electron pair donor
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Separating funnel
Apparatus used in synthesis of organic liquids, to remove an organic layer from an aqueous layer
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Anhydrous salt, e.g., MgSO4 or CaCl2
Used to dry organic liquids, made during synthesis reactions, before redistillation
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Infra-red spectroscopy
Analytical technique used to identify functional group/s of organic molecules
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Mass spectrometry
Analytical technique used to determine the molecular mass (Mr) of an organic molecule
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Back
Structural formula
Card 3
Front
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
Back
Card 4
Front
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from the alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
Back
Card 5
Front
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each SUCCESSIVE member differing by CH2
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