Xylem and phloem

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What does the xylem transport?
Water and dissolved inorganic minerals
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Which way is the movement in the xylem?
Always upwards
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What is the name of the first xylem to form?
Protoxylem
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Why is the protoxylem able to stretch and grow?
Walls aren't fully lignified
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How are the cellulose microfibrils arranged in walls of the xylem in stems?
Less vertically which increases strength
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What increases in the walls as the cells stop growing and the stem ages?
Lignin
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What does the increase in lignin with age result in?
Walls become impermeable to water
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What consequently happens to the contents of the cell as the tissue becomes stronger?
The contents die
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What is the aged, fully lignified tissue called?
The metaxylem
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The breakdown of what causes the xylem forming hollow tubes?
Breakdown of the end walls between cells
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What is the stream called in which water and minerals transported upwards?
The transpiration stream
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What are the two ways in which water moves out of the xylem and into surrounding cells
Through unlignified areas or through specialised pits in the walls
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In non-woody plants, what 3 structures provide support?
Parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma
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In woody-plants, where are the lignified xylem tissue found?
The bulk of the trunk
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What causes the presence of growth rings in trees?
A new vascular bundle forming every year
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What dye can be used when observing transport system into the vascular bundle?
Eosin dye
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What does a ringing experiment show by removing one ring?
That the upward movement of water is unaffected
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What is the plant given in an autoradiography?
A radioactive version of the substance being studied
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What is the plant placed against to produce and autoradiograph?
Photographic film
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What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water through the stomata
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What is cohesion in water?
Water molecules sticking together as they're polar
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Why is there low pressure at the top of the xylem?
As there is transpiration of water out of the stomata
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What does the low pressure at the top of the xylem do to water in the xylem?
Pulls the water up as there is tension
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Why can water be pulled up and not break?
It is cohesive
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Are mature phloem cells alive or dead?
Alive
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What do phloem transport food produced by photosynthesis as?
Organic solutes
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Can materials flow up, down or both in the phloem?
Both up and down
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What are made from cells joined together to make very long tubes in phloems?
Sieve tube elements
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Where do phloems run to and from in plants?
From the bottom of roots to the top of shoots
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The phloem contents flow through hole in what?
Sieve plates
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What breaks down as gaps in the sieve plates form?
Nucleus and some other organelles
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What is the phloem sieve tube filled with?
Phloem sap
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What allows the phloem cells to survive?
Companion cells
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What links phloem cells to companion cells?
Plasmodesmata
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What do companion cells have which increases the surface are of which they can transport sucrose into the phloem?
Infoldings of cell membranes
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Why do companion cells have mitochondria?
To produce ATP needed for active transport
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Which way is the movement in the xylem?

Back

Always upwards

Card 3

Front

What is the name of the first xylem to form?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why is the protoxylem able to stretch and grow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How are the cellulose microfibrils arranged in walls of the xylem in stems?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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