Women's Rights

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What is gender equality?
The right for every person to be treated equally regardless of gender or sex. To not have their life chances dictated by their gender/sex. Not the same as treating men and women the same. Rights are not dependent on whether male or female
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What is gender?
A set of social opportunities and attributes associated with being male or female and the relationship between women and men. Socially constructed attributes, opportunities and relationships. Learned through socialisation process.
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1st wave of feminism
Women's suffrage
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2nd wave of feminism
Labour rights (equal pay and opportunities etc.)
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3rd wave of feminism
The recognition of the diverse experiences of women (intersectionality)
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4th wave of feminism
Sexual harassment and assault (MeToo, Times Up)
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Distinction of Women's Rights
Recognition that women's rights are special and distinct because of the way society is structure (the patriarchy). Charlotte Bunch, 1990 (HRQ) Women as caregivers, unpaid work, exploitative and low paid work ('nimble fingers'). Gender-based abuse
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Examples of lack of respect for women's rights
Domestic abuse; sexual slavery; FGM; TERFs; Femicide; human trafficking; prostitution; gender oppression through religious norms; backlash or SRR
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Domestic Abuse
Walby and Towers (2017); Walby and Allen (2004): the majority of DV victims are women and women are more likely to be seriously injured. 70% of domestic homicide victims are women
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Human Trafficking and Prostitution
Watson and Silkstone (2006): construction and reproduction of hegemonic masculinity (the patriarchy); prevalence of violence used to solve conflict, male authority and control in decision making, economic inequalities between the sexes
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CEDAW
1979 - Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
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About CEDAW
International treaty, set out by UN. Practices are understood as anything which purposefully or unpurposefully disadvantages women an prevents society as a whole from recognising women's rights in both the public and private sphere.
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Beijing Platfrom
1995 - Action for Equality, Development and Peace. Comprehensive plan to address gender inequality and calls for greater equality in all aspects of life. Greater monitoring in UN. Shift from focus on gender poverty to gender inequality
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Cairo Conference
1994 - Conference on population management. However women's rights became a forefront topic, especially SRR. States have a legal obligation to provide women with safe, effective and affordable family planning and birth control of their choice.
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Why women are at risk on not accessing their SRR
Gendered inequalities, male and state biases, poverty and conservative religious beliefs
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The Girl-Child
Beijing 1995 - Children's rights set out in CRC but the girl-child faces a unique discrimination. Gender based violence, socialisation, education, sexual violence/abuse, health care/sexual health, trafficking and labour
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UNSCR 1325
Four Pillars: Protection, Prevention, Participation, Relief and Recovery. From 1992-2011 only 15% of the chief people at the negotiating table were women.
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Stone (2015)
'When women are involved in the peacemaking process then the peace is more likely to be long-lasting'
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Women's rights and development
The importance of the household and the recognition that poverty effects different members of the household differently. Men and women often become poor by different processes. Household income distribution favours men.
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Women's rights and development 2
Women and girls take on the caregiving role (they tend to carry out the unpaid work)
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Absence of women's rights exacerbate poverty
Lack of access to credit and capital because of structural bias in the formal institutions of the economy and state and prevalence of gender norms. Women's work doesn't follow the same pattern as mens, structural adjustment
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Lack of access to credit and capital because of structural bias in the formal institutions of the economy and state and prevalence of gender norms
Women cannot open bank accounts in some countries such as Saudi Arabia without their husband's or male guardian's permission
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Women's Work
Agricultural, family-based and unpaid, factory based ('nimble fingers'), market based
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Structural Adjustment
'Policy induced shocks' women in the 80s forced into work usually on highly exploitative terms (Elson, 1999)
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Women and the care-burden/work burden (e.g. Zambia and Bangladesh)
Increasing pressure on women to work outside the home and care. So more pressure on girls and adolescents (either to take on the care giving roles or to work outside the home in exploitative jobs, effecting education, creating a vicious circle effect
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MDGs and SDGs
There are some focusing specifically on women's rights, such as reducing maternal mortality rates but also ones indirectly linked making women's rights more mainstreamed
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Sexual and Reproductive Rights
States should provide safe, effective and affordable reproductive services. SRR rights cannot be withheld nor can services be forced (forced sterilisation). Mandated to use legislation budgets and the law to protect women and girls' SRR rights
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Difficulties with SRR
Cultural and ideological difficulties in implementing: low-priority, role of religion, lack of women in office
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Bosnian War
1000s of "men" 12-77 year olds collected up for trial for supposed war crimes. Women taken and ***** and killed. Ethnic cleansing by forced ****. July 1995 Siege of Srebrenica
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Women in Black
Organisation that seeks justice and commemorates. Understands the different experience of women in war (****, high number in refugee camps), masculine culture of violence. Violence used against women at all times to control women
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South Africa
The legacy of apartheid era still structures divisions in society. High rates of gender based violence, 'being a women in SA is more dangerous than being in some war torn areas' (Oxfam, 2018)
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Advocacy and Protest
'Now you have touched the woman you have struck a rock. You have dislodged the boulder, you will be crushed.
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Latin America
Double-discourse (Shepard 2000). 6 countries have total bans. Backlash in Nicaragua, used to be legal but in 2007 changed constitution in 2010 woman refused cancer treatment incase miscarriage triggered.
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El Salvador
Changed constitution in 1999 to insist that life began at conception. Led to witch-hunts and criminal prosecutions of women who miscarried-disproportionately affecting overwhelmingly young, poor and single women
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Women's rights and SRR - Chile
Decriminalised abortion in 1931. Recriminalised in 1980. Women's movement in Chile pressuring for change for many years (70% of pop. in favour of reform), reform is limited and only permitted life in danger, unviable or ****.
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Women's rights and SRR - Chile 2
Long battle for access to emergency contraception. Sale of the morning after pill prohibited in 2008, finally legalised in 2010 however still barriers due to refusal of cooperation from pharmacies.
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Women's Rights as Human Rights
Bunch 1990: no country bases its policies towards another country on treatment of women but does on basis of HRs. WRs not routinely seen as HRs but sexism kills!
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Sexism Kills! (Bunch, 1990)
Pre-birth: femicide; childhood: fed less, taken to doctors less, die more; adulthood: sexual abuse, denial of access to SRR (complications from illegal abortions leading cause of death in LA for women 15-39).
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Violence Against Women (Bunch, 1990)
8/10 wives in India DV victims; battery is the leading cause of injury to adult women and **** is committed every 6 minutes; 70% of crimes include beaten women in Peru
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Intersectionality and feminist politics
Yuval-Davis (2006): Efforts to deconstruct categories (not all women are white, not all blacks men); triple oppression
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WCAR Conference
Bunch (2001): if any of the rights of the 16 groups she set out are left unprotected then the rights of all are undermined
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The Double Discourse
Shepard (2000): increasing religious fundamentalism and globalisation lead to increasing politicisation of SRR; influence from RC church; espousing trad. and repressive sociocultural norms in public whilst ignoring or flouncing them privately
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Example of Double Discourse
Divorce law in Chile: divorce isn't done/legal RC norms etc. and little debate over it in public. However church carried out 7,000 annulments in 1990 (problem lack of child support or assets)
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Making CEDAW Universal
Riddle (2002): many reservations in CEDAW and allowances for women under sharia law
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From 1992-2010 what percentage of people at the negotiating table were women?
15%
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What is gender?

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A set of social opportunities and attributes associated with being male or female and the relationship between women and men. Socially constructed attributes, opportunities and relationships. Learned through socialisation process.

Card 3

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1st wave of feminism

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2nd wave of feminism

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Card 5

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3rd wave of feminism

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