Week 10: Prosocial Behaviour

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Why was prosocial behaviour introduced?
Previous psychological work had been heavily negatively based.
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Whom wanted positive psychology?
Seligman, 1991
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In positive psychology what 2 aspects in particular did Seligman want attention to?
Prosocial behaviour and Altruism
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What is prosocial behaviour?
Behaviour with positive social consequences and contributes to the physical or psychological wellbeing of another.
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What is altruistic behaviour?
An act that is meant to benefit another person rather than oneself
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When Burnstein studied kinship, what did he find about prosocial behaviour?
People are generally more willing to help closer kin than distant kin.
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What is the overall (brief) biological perspective of prosocial behaviour?
Humans have innate tendencies to help others, this promotes survival.
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What was Pilivans calculus model?
A 3 phase model as an initial social explanation of prosocial behaviour.
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What is stage 2 of Piliavins Calculus Model?
Labelling the arousal
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In stage 2 of Pilivains Calculus Model, why must you label the arousal?
It reduce that heightened emotions causing distress, it provides a solution to how you're feeling about the scenario.
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What is stage 1 of Piliavins Calculus Model?
Physiological Arousal
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What is stage 3 of Piliavins Calculus Model?
Evaluating the consequences
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What does stage 3 of Piliavins Calculus Model involve?
Working out the consequences and whether they outweigh ones own protection.
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What did Batson et al find about prosocial behaviour and empathy?
Only women showed empathy when having experienced similar distressing situations as the teenager
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Can you promote/ teach prosocial behaviour?
Yes
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What 3 methods have been identified to promote prosocial behaviour?
Modelling, Instructions, Reinforcement
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Other than demonstrating Modelling, what else did Rushtons and Teachmons Modelling study demonstrate?
Reinforcement
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What percentage of adults did Bryan and Test find most likely to help a second stuck driver after witnessing another distressed driver already being helped?
50%
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In Hornsteins model study on observing returning a lost wallet, which condition showed that participants are more likely to help?
Condition 1: when they saw the model was pleased to have helped.
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What does Hornsteins lost wallet and Bryan & Tests stuck driver modelling experiments show prosocial behaviour can be learned by?
Vicarious experience
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What case study promoted bystander effect research?
Kitty Genovese Murder
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In the Kitty Genovese Murder case study how many bystanders were there?
38
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What is the bystander effect particular too?
Emergency situations in large groups.
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What was the 3 conditions in Latane and Darleys room with smoke study?
1) alone, (2) with strangers, (3) passive confederates
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When alone in Latanes and Darleys smoke room study, what percentage of participants took action?
75
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When in condition 2 (with strangers) in Latanes and Darleys smoke room experiment, how many participants took action?
38
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When with passive confederates in Latanes and Darleys smoke room experiment, how many participants took action?
10
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From their study what did Latane and Darley cognitive model creation demonstrate?
Whether or not to help someone
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At each stage of Latane and Darleys cognitive model there is a hinderance that stops people helping and encourages the bystander effect, what is it at stage 1?
Lack of attention
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At each stage of Latane and Darleys cognitive model there is a hinderance that stops people helping and encourages the bystander effect, what is it at stage 2?
ignorance or plausible other explanation
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At each stage of Latane and Darleys cognitive model there is a hinderance that stops people helping and encourages the bystander effect, what is it at stage 3?
Belief that it is someone else responsibility
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At each stage of Latane and Darleys cognitive model there is a hinderance that stops people helping and encourages the bystander effect, what is it at stage 4?
Wrong decision / lack of skill
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What are the 4 stages of Latane and Darleys cognitive model?
1) Attend to what is occurring, (2) define event as emergency, (3) Assume responsibility, (4) Take action
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What is audience inhibition?
Fear of social blunder
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What are the main explanations of the bystander effect?
1) Diffusion of responsibility, (2) Audience inhibition , (3) Social influence
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What did scenario 1 of Latane and Darley's 3 in 1 study entail?
Participant was left alone to fill in a questionnaire witnessing security footage of a dangerous room.
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What did scenario 3 of Latane and Darleys 3 in 1 study entail?
Participant was on camera filling in a questionnaire witnessing security footage of the dangerous room.
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What did scenario 2 of Latane and Darleys 3 in 1 study entail?
Participant was with another participant filling in questionnaires witnessing security footage of the dangerous room
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What did the participants in all scenarios of Latane and Darleys 3 in one study witness of the security footage?
The experimenter get electrocuted
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What were the results of Latane and Darleys 3 in 1 study?
When all bystander effect explanations were in combination, the bystander effect was highest.
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What has been found in cities with larger populations and prosocial behaviour?
Strangers should expect less help in larger populations.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Whom wanted positive psychology?

Back

Seligman, 1991

Card 3

Front

In positive psychology what 2 aspects in particular did Seligman want attention to?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is prosocial behaviour?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is altruistic behaviour?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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