Water and Carbon

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Oceans
96.5% of water / 0% of fresh water
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Atmosphere
0.001% of water / 0.04% of fresh water
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Cryosphere
1.762% of water / 69.56% of fresh water
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Lakes
0.0013% water / 0.26% of fresh water
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Vegetation
0.0001% of water / 0.03% of fresh water
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Soil
0.001% of water / 0.05% of fresh water
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Groundwater
1.69% of water / 30.1% of fresh water
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Devensian Ice Age
18,000 ya, Sea levels 120m lower, N. Hemisphere - 30% covered in Ice
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Ipswichian Intergalcial
125,000 ya, Sea levels 5.5 m higher
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Evapotranspiration
100% of outputs in arid area, ~75% in humid areas
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River Severn
220 miles long, 610 m high in Cambrian Mountains
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River Colorado
Hoover Dam - 1936, 6 years no water reached mouth, 4.2 Kwh
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Lapse rate
6.5 - 9.8 c per 1000 m
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Boscastle floods
16th August 2004, 5 building demolition / 60 damaged, 30 vehicles washed into harbour, 100 people rescued, 8 hours of rain, 440 million gallons from stream, receded at 8, 1:400 year event, 24.1 mm rain in 15 minutes, 2 m rise in river in 2 hours
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a monsoon can effect...
Over 1 million Km
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Kerala, 2018
August 15th, >483 died, 15 missing, level 3 calamity, ~1 million evacuated, 1/16th directly effected
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Red River Flood, 1950
March, April and May, river crest at 9 f, 80,000 evacuation, >$10,000 in damages (~1 billion today)
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Red River Flood, 2009
March, Peaked 12.45 m, evacuated 30 homes
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River Mole
80 Km long, 46,500 properties at risk, 1:200 year event, 100 flights cancelled in Gatwick, M23/25
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Drought
Uk = <0.2 mm for 15 days, Libya = 2 years, UK have drought every 5 to 10 years
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1976 UK drought
3 months of sun, 23rd June - Temps. over 32c for 2 weeks, Peak 28th 35.6c, Highest - July 3rd 35.9c
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What percentage of water is fresh water??
2.5%
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Water stress
<1,700
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Water scarcity
<1,000
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Absolute water scarcity
<500
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How many suffer water scarcity??
700 million in 43 countries
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How many will face absolute water scarcity by 2025??
1.8 billion
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What percentage of the world is in water stressed areas??
2/3s
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What percentage of the world will be in water stressed ares by 2030??
1/2
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How many people face water scarcity in Africa
75-250 million
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How many will water scarcity displace??
24-700 million
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Nile River basin
4,130 miles long, 85% of the water comes from Ethiopia, Population grown from 45 to 85 million
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California aquifer
Drought since 2012, 1/3 of fresh produce comes from central valley, 80% of water usage from this area, 60% from groundwater, 41 trillion gallons extracted between 1920 - 2013, 50 years to refill
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Terranova Ranch
Flood 3 f across 100 acres
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How many boreholes are there in London??
500 which pump out 3 -5 million litres a day
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How long is the slow carbon cycle and how much carbon do it transfer??
100-200 million years and 10 - 100 million metric tonnes a year
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Chemical weathering of rocks
95% anthropogenic causes, 7x more anthropogenic SO2 than natural, US - 2/3 SO2 and 1/4 N2O from electric generation
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pH of water??
7
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pH of rain??
5 - 5.5
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pH of acid rain??
4 - 5.5
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since the industrial revolution how much has the pH of the sea dropped by??
0.1
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What percentage of CO2 is stored in undersea coral and algae??
93%
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How much does the oceanic sediment layer store??
100 million GT
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Volcanoes
Emit 130 - 180 million MT of CO2 ever year
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How much CO2 is produced by humans??
30 billion MT
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Wildfires
3-4 Km2 every year, 90% started by humans, ~ 30% of atmospheric CO2
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Californian Wildfires
2016 - 9500 fires, 2018 - 20,000 fires, Burn 80 MPH, 2% of fires burn 82% of area, 2016 - 2% due to lightning and 8% arson, 2017 - 4.5 million homes at risk.
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How many people will suffer health issues due to wildfires in the US??
82 million in the next 20 years
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How much CO2 is released turning forest in to agricultural land??
1.5 GT per year
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Farming
11% of global gas emissions, Produces 12,000 MT of CO2.
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Fertiliser manufacture CO2 release??
575 MT
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Refrigeration CO2 release??
490 MT
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Whole food system CO2 release??
9,800 MT
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How much of the global gas emissions does deforestation and land use change account for ??
10%
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When will we run out of Fossil fuels??
100 - 200 years
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How long does it take to create annual consumption??
422 years
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How much energy is produced by Fossil fuels
~85%
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How much CO2 can be absorbed??
60%
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What is the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere annually??
8 GT
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What was the different in emissions between 1990 and 2011??
54
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What % of green house gases are from transport??
13% (2/3 road transport)
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What % of green house gases will be from transport by 2030??
30 - 50%
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What percentage of rain comes from plants in rain forests??
1/2
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Rainforests
Ave. temp. - 28c, Temp. range - 22 - 32c, ~2000 mm annual rainfall, covers 5% of world (was 10% 1200 ya), 50% of all living things
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Amazon
2.67 million SqM, 7 countries, 2/3 of rainforest in Brazil, 10% of world's mammles and 15% of plant species, 16,000 tree species and >390 billion trees, 2.5 million species of insects, 220,000 indigenous people, 2% dies every year naturally
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How much CO2 is in plants??
2.2 billion Tonnes
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How much CO2 is emitted by dead trees??
1.9 billion Pa
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Deforestation causes
65% more cattle ranching, 20-25% farming, 5-10% industrial, 1-2% minerals and towns and 2-3% illegal logging
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How much of the Amazon has been lost??
20%
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How much of the Amazon will be lost by 2030??
27%
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How many trees were lost between 2001 and 2012??
1.4 mill
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How much CO2 is stored in the Amazon??
90-140 billion tonnes
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Temperate Grasslands
25% of Earth's landmass, only 2% left in US, 10-35 inches of rain a year, Temps. -40 to 100F
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How much CO2 do Temperate Grasslands store??
~34%
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How much CO2 do forests store??
~39%
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How much CO2 does soil store??
200 tonnes per Hectare
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How much CO2 do Canadian Grasslands store??
2-3 billion tonnes
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When did peat form??
End of the Last Ice Age - 1200 ya
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Whixhall Moss
~ 1000 hectares, 3rd largest raised bog in Britain, Natural nature reserve in 1980
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What was the rate of peat cutting in 1989??
x4
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What is the name of the canal in the moss and when was it built??
Shropshire union and 1804
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How much more effective than trees is peat at collecting CO2??
20x
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How much of peat is water??
90% (10% of fresh water stores)
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How much CO2 does the peat in the UK hold??
3 years of emissions or 5.5 GT
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Government initiatives
Peat free compost by 2020 and commercial peat free compost by 2030
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How much more Carbon is stored in Peat than forest of the same area??
3x
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What is peat's rate of accumulation??
0.5 mm a year
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What % of peat lands have been destroyed by humans??
96%
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Global temperature increase
0.85c since 1880
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What would the global temp. be with out natural global warming??
-18c
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What will be the temp. increase by 2100??
4.5c
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CO2
85% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, 390ppm (2011) - 140% increase since industrial revolution
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CH4
~60% of emissions, 1813 ppb (2011) - 715 ppb (pre 1880), 23x more potent than CO2
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N20
40% = anthropogenic, 324 ppb (2011) - 270 ppb (pre 1880), 290x more potent than CO2
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How much ice has been lost in the last decade??
300,000 Sqm
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How much has the sea level rose??
1 inch in the past decade
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How much has the temp. rose in the past decade??
0.2c
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Water vapour
80% of greenhouse gases, 90% of volume, 9-26% for CO2
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Energy budget
Absorbs 69%, reflects 31%, Earth's surface absorbs 49% and the atmosphere absorbs ~20%
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How much more water does the atmosphere hold than 40 years ago??
4%
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USA
Increase in prolonged hot periods in last 50 years, 2011/12 heatwaves x3, 2011 - Texas has 100 days over 100 F, $10 billion direct losses in agriculture, Great Plains - >30% more rain than 1901-1960, 1980 - 2009 - 500,000 deaths, 2.8 billion effected
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How much more rain is there in the centre of a tornado??
20%
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UK
13.44 inches of rain in 24 hours, Highest December temp. 8c higher than previous - 6.9c in 1934
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Sea level rise
~20cm since 1880, ~3mm pa, IPCC - 10 - 90 cm by end of century, Arctic - 2x anywhere else
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What were the November 2016 Arctic air and sea temps??
Air = 20c above average and sea = 4c
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What rise does Greenland cause a year??
0.74 mm
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Thermal expansion
1993 - 2010 - add 1.1 mm to sea level pa
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The Maldives
~1200 islands, 80% <1 m high, uninhabitable in 100 years, 360,000 forced to evacuate, 600,000 tourists a year (28% of GDP)
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Male
3 m high wall, 14 years to build and $63 million, 99% paid for by Japan
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How high above sea level will New Male be??
2.1 m
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How many did the US volunteer to take in??
60,000
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Mississipi Delta
Past century Louisiana lost 1,900 Sqm of coastal wetlands (1/3)
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Republic of Kiribati
33 atolls, 21 uninhabited, Tarawa - most populated (112,000) - <3 m above sea level
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Ocean acidification
Stores 1/3 of CO2 - 22 million tonnes absorbed a day
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When will corals be extinct by??
2050
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How long has the Ocean chemistry be stable??
Last million years
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Atmosphere

Back

0.001% of water / 0.04% of fresh water

Card 3

Front

Cryosphere

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Lakes

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Vegetation

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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