Waste

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  • Created by: ppogba
  • Created on: 21-08-19 12:45
Where does Nitrogenous waste come from?
Break down of proteins and nucleic acids in digestive system. For energy or conversion to fats/carbs. Amino group (NH2) is removed during this process.
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When the amino group (NH2) is removed during that process, it joins onto a hydrogen ion to form what? Why do we need to remove this?
Ammonia (NH3)- highly toxic. this raises pH of body fluids and can inhibits key enzymes.
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How do organisms get rid of nitrogenous waste?
Ammonia. Urea. Uric acid
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What organisms get rid of nitrogenous waste through ammonia?
bony fishes, aquatic amphibians, aquatic invertebrates.
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What are the benefits of getting rid of waste as ammonia?
doesn't require energy. Small molecule, so rapid diffusion.
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What ar the negatives to ammonia?
very toxic, affects osmolarity cause highly soluble in water, animals excreting ammonia need access to lots of water.
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What organisms get rid of nitrogenous waste as Urea?
mammals, most amphibians, cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays)
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Where and how is Urea produced?
produced in liver by combining ammonia with carbon dioxide?
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What are the positives and negatives of Urea?
1000x less toxic than ammonia, requires less water. Does require a lot of energy to make.
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What organisms get rid of nitrogenous waste as Uric acid?
birds, insects, reptiles, some amphibians.
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What elements comprise Uric acid?
Hydrogen, oxygen carbon, nitrogen.
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Positives and negatives of Uric acid?
Insoluble, even less toxic than urea, excreted as semi-solid- great for conserving water. Requires 3x as much energy to make as urea.
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Why is Uric acid best for these organisms?
useful if development takes place in an egg. Urea in an egg would build up to toxic concentrations.
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Habitat is important- what do tadpoles and frogs excrete?
tadpoles excrete ammonia, frogs excrete urea.
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What do terrestrial and aquatic turtles excrete?
terrestrial turtles excrete uric acid, whereas aquatic turtles excrete urea and ammonia.
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What does the West African lungfish excrete?
ammonia in water, urea on land.
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What do Protazoa use to excrete nitrogenous waste?
contractile vacuole.
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How do annelids, molluscs and Platyhelminthes excrete waste?
Nephridia- excrete nitrogenous waste through nephridiopores.
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What do Insects use to excrete waste?
Malpighian tubules
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How do vertebrates excrete waste?
kidney
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How do fish excrete waste?
gills
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How do seabirds excrete waste?
salt glands- nostril has salt secretions.
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Describe Malpighian tubules?
blind ended tubes, walls exactly one cell thick, located between midgut and hindgut, float in haemolymph.
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The number of Malpighian tubules varies among insects. How many do coccids (scale insects) and desert locusts have?
coccids- 2. Desert locusts- 250.
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How do Malpighian tubules work?
salts and nitrogenous waste actively transported into gut lumen through MT. water follows by osmosis. Reabsorption occurs in rectum- salts and valuable organic molecules pumped back into haemolymph, water follows by osmosis.
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What are the benefits of the Malpighian tubules?
highly effective at conserving water (insects have high SA:vol ratio so can be susceptible to water loss). Key adaptation to insects success on land.
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What transports blood (containing waste products) under high pressure to kidneys, and what takes the filtered blood away from the kidneys?
Renal artery and Renal vein.
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Where do the waste products leave the kidney from?
Ureter
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What occurs in the renal cortex and renal medulla?
cortex- Ultrafiltration. medulla- regulates water and salt in blood.
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Describe the Nephron?
single long tubule, each surrounded by network of capillaries/
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What happens in Ultrafiltration?
blood pressure in glomerulus is high- forces fluid into Bowman's capsule. Big plasma proteins remain in blood. Everything else leaves. Non-selective filtration.
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What happens in the Proximal tubule?
water and salt reabsorbed- osmolarity doesn't change
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What happens in descending limb of loop of Henle?
water leaves filtrate. Increases osmolarity of filtrate.
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What happens in ascending limb of loop of Henle? What is the purpose of this?
salt leaves filtrate. Impermeable to water. Decreases osmolarity of the filtrate. The loops increase solute potential of surrounding tissue fluid setting up concentration gradient.
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What happens in Distal tubule?
regulating salt concentrations, regulating pH, water balance.
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What is the countercurrent multiplier system?
tubule fluid in descending limb flows in opposite direction from ascending limb.
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Describe how homeostatic control works in the latter end of the nephron?
There is increased osmolarity in tissue fluids (above set range) > Osmoreceptors detect this > Sends signal to Hypothalamus, which releases Vasopressin > increases water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct. Example of a -ve feedback.
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Vasopressin is also known as ADH. What is this?
antidiuretic hormone
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Card 2

Front

When the amino group (NH2) is removed during that process, it joins onto a hydrogen ion to form what? Why do we need to remove this?

Back

Ammonia (NH3)- highly toxic. this raises pH of body fluids and can inhibits key enzymes.

Card 3

Front

How do organisms get rid of nitrogenous waste?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What organisms get rid of nitrogenous waste through ammonia?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What are the benefits of getting rid of waste as ammonia?

Back

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