Each child is equip with different cultural tools from there environment, meaning there will be cultural differences
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What is the zone of proximal development?
Gap between what a child does know and what they could know with more expert help
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What is meant by scaffolding?
The different types of help given in order to cross the ZPD
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What else is scaffolding known as?
Vygotsky-Bruner model
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What are the different levels of scaffolding?
Recruitment, Reduction in degrees of freedom, direction maintenance, marking critical features, demonstration
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What is the research support for the ZPD?
Roazzi and Bryant: kids given help my older kids were more successful in estimating the amount of sweets in a jar, as they offered prompts to help them work it out. This supports interments knowledge
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What is the research support for scaffolding?
Conner and cross - observed mothers interacting with kids in a longtitudinal study. Degree of helped lessen with age
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How has Vygotsky had applications in education?
Learn faster with scaffolding has helped to raise expectations of children. Increased in group work and peer work
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Who provides evidence for the use of tutoring?
Verhaeghe - 7 year olds tutored by 10 year old as well as class work progressed further in reading abilities than those without tutors
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How can Vygotsky be critiqued by individual differences?
Not all learn through social processes and they may prefer to be alone
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Who provides counter evidence for learning being a social process?
Howe et al: slopes, all formed their own mental representationships
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Why might vygotskys theory be culturally biased?
developed in a collectivist culture so may not apply to individualistic
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