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6. What is the role of the Ventral pathway in vision?

  • (Slow) Conscious perception and interpretation, via comparison with memory and allocation of meaning.
  • (Slow) Visuo-motor behaviours for adaptation and reaction
  • (Fast) Conscious perception and interpretation, via comparison with memory and allocation of meaning
  • (Fast) Visuo-motor behaviours for adaptation and reaction

7. What does the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation do?

  • Orients toward objects
  • Motion processing
  • Control horizontal saccades and gaze
  • Maps visual space

8. What did Tamietto & Morrone (2016) suggest?

  • The role of expectation and release of norepinephrine affects the ventral pathway
  • There is a major grey matter pathway which allows the dorsal and ventral systems to interact
  • Blindsight provides a model which integrates subcortical structures which the dorsal and ventral pathways ignore
  • Blindsight provides a model which integrates visual and dorsal pathways

9. What does damage to the Cerebellum cause?

  • Movement disorders - oscillations of the eyes and veering
  • Inability to control saccidic impulses
  • Difficulty reaching for objects
  • Visual agnosias

10. What does the Superior Colliculus do in vision?

  • Orients to objects
  • Maps visual space and contains build-up, fixation and burst cells
  • Maps visual space
  • Controls horizontal saccades & gaze

11. What does damage to the Dorsal pathway cause?

  • Neglect
  • Optic ataxia (difficulty reaching)
  • Prosopagnosia
  • Visual agnosia

12. What were the findings of Ajina et al., (2015)

  • Patients with damage to v1 can still display blindsight via a sub-cortical pathway from the LGN to the posterior parietal cortex
  • Patients with damage to v5 can still display blindsight via a sub-cortical path from LGN to area v1
  • Patients with damage to v1 can still display blindsight via a sub-cortical pathway from the LGN to area v5
  • Patients with damage to v1 can still display blindsight via a sub-cortical pathway from the PPRF to the colliculus

13. What does studying eye movements give information about?

  • The role of perception
  • The role of the brain
  • The role of internal structures
  • The role of attention

14. Which are voluntary eye movements?

  • Saccades (orient fovea), Vergence (binocular vision) and Smooth pursuit (tracking moving object)
  • Extinction, Burst & Fixation
  • Saccades, Binocular Vision & Smooth Pursuit
  • Foveal orientation, opto-kinetic reflex and blindsight

15. What is the neurobiological explanation of blindsight?

  • A dissociation between awareness and saccade targeting - individuals not conscious of what they see
  • A dissociation between perception and saccade targeting - individuals not conscious of what they see
  • A failure to orient to objects on one side of visual space, as a result of inability to make saccades
  • A failure to orient to objects on both sides of visual space, as a result of inability to make saccades

16. What is active vision?

  • The inability to perceive stimuli on the opposite hemisphere to brain damage
  • The simultaneous movement of both eyes in the opposite direction to maintain binocular vision
  • Vision that is shaped by how eye movements process information, which are the first and last step in seeing. Only relevant information is processed in a bottom-up fashion.
  • Vision is the recipient of information, and has top-down control.

17. What did Rolfs (2015) find?

  • Patients with damage to area v1 can still display blindsight
  • Eye movements actively serve perceptual and cognitive goals - saccades affect content of visual memory.
  • There is a dissociation between visual perception and eye movements
  • Lesion to the posterior parietal cortex (dorsal pathway) causes perception deficits.

18. What does damage to the Colliculus cause?

  • Difficulty reaching
  • Difficulty controlling saccadic impulses
  • Failure to orient toward objects in the same hemisphere as the damage
  • Smooth pursuit deficits

19. What is the role of the Dorsal pathway in vision?

  • (Slow) Visuo-motor behaviours for adaptation and reaction
  • (Fast) Visuo-motor behaviours for adaptation and reaction, including information on the size and location of objects
  • (Slow) Conscious perception and interpretation, via comparison with memory and allocation of meaning.
  • (Fast) Conscious perception and interpretation, via comparison with memory and allocation of meaning

20. What did Takemura et al., (2016) find?

  • Parvocellular deficits cause dyslexia
  • There is a major grey matter pathway called the Vertical Occipital Fasciculus (VOF) which allows the dorsal and ventral pathways to interact and combine information about object and spatial properties
  • There is a major white matter pathway called the Vertical Occipital Fasciculus (VOF) which allows the dorsal and ventral pathways to interact and combine information about object and spatial properties
  • Dorsal and ventral pathways ignore subortical structures