Verbal communication

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what is another word for verbal communication?
paralanguage
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what is locution?
what you say
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what is illocution?
how you say it (context)
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what did Searle (1979) say?
we use language to say how something is, get someone to do things etc - social function - its how you say it
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what do non-linguistic cues involve?
volume, stress, pitch, speed, tone, pauses - to recognise and communicate emotion
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what is up-speak?
where ppl rise their intonation at the end of a sentence to turn it into a question
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what can loudness show?
fear or anger or happiness - depending on the quality of it - whether it is moderate or extreme - loud speech is associated with fear
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what is slow speech associated with?
boredom
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how can the way a sentence is worded convey info? (Scherer et al 2001)
ppl good at reading paralinguistic cues, even if the sentences were nonsense and shown across 9 different cultures - women slightly better
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what did Brown and Fraser (1979) say determines what communication style you use?
social scene - who is involved
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what are the regional terms used? (from regional terms test)
pet = newcastle, me luvver = somerset, duck = midlands, boi = welsh, love = yorkshire
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how do speech styles/accents determine how someone is perceived?
Queens english = higher intelligence, but rated much lower in terms of warmth/friendliness - Devon = friendliest
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what did the meta-analysis looking at perception of status, solidarity, and dynamism show?
standard UK accent was rated more highly in terms of status and dynamism - but low in solidarity (not friendly) - standard accents rated more highly in formal settings because this is what is expected
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what is the ethnolinguistic identity theory?
language/speech style is one of the clearest markers of ethnic identity - e.g. distinguish English from Scottish - extent to which someone prides their ethnic identity, determines whether empathise/de-empathise accent
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what factors make up the vitality of ethnolinguistic groups?
status, demographic, institutional support, and control factors - assessment of group's strengths/weaknesses in each of these provides classification of groups into having low/medium/high vitality
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low vitality groups?
most likely to go through linguistic assimilation and may not be considered a distinctive collective group - associated with decline in use of language/speech style
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high vitality group?
likely to maintain their language and distinctive cultural traits in multilingual settings
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examples of low vitality groups
Hawaiin language is endangered - but languages like the Welsh that were extinct have been revived
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what languages are extinct/dead?
Old English and Latin
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why did the Welsh language revive?
due to status (proudness to speak lang), demographic (how many speak) and institutional support (taught in schools)
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what is speech accommodation theory?
people change their speech to fit in with others - footballer speaking french accent
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when do groups accommodate/not accommodate?
status of ppl in group similar = dont need to accommodate -- different status we accommodate to help listener understand - higher status speaker shifts downwards, lower speaker shifts upwards to meet in the middle (convergence)
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what is divergence?
when people dont meet in the middle and exaggerate the differences
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college roommate speech convergence study?
5 pairs of male students in US dont know each other, analysed speech in terms of perceptual similarity - start of study 3 pairs low in convergence but do in the middle and then dip at the end, one pair high with dip in middle
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what did they conclude from college roommate study?
close relationship between degree of convergence and how much they liked each other - if like someone = converge (-r = .54)
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what is the woman stereotype of communication?
more talkative, polite, emotional etc
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what did Mehl et al (2007) find?
compared no. of words spoken by men and women - didnt find a difference
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what did Lakoff 91973) find?
women adopt more tentative speech style because lower status than men - more expressions of uncertainty, qualifiers, hedges, tag questions, intensifiers
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how was Lakoff's conclusion criticised?
little empirical basis and exaggerated differences between men/women - tentative speech more associated with status than women - powerless speech used more by low status speakers, including women and black men (not a gender factor)
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what did Leaper and Robnett (2011) find?
women more likely to use tentative speech but small effect size (-d = .23) - effect larger in studies observing logner convos, undergraduates, groups, and research labs
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what are the 5 dimensions on where men and women differ one what they talk about
1. word length = men use longer, 2. articles = men more words 'a' 'the', 3. swear words = men more, 4. social words = women discuss others more & emotions, men talk about things, 5. pronouns = women first person singular pronouns
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how did Margaret Thatcher famously accommodate her speech?
lowered her voice, slowed her delivery to into male dominated role - tough leader and more masculine
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what did Jones (2016) find about Hilary Clinton?
her 1996 speech - speech more feminine as she was the first lady/wife of Bill Clinton - when running for election in own rights (2000, 2005, 2008) speech more masculine
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conclusion on gender effects of speech style?
small but systematic effects of gender on speech style
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is locution?

Back

what you say

Card 3

Front

what is illocution?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what did Searle (1979) say?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what do non-linguistic cues involve?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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