Variables, design and hypothesis

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What is the independent variable?
Changing a variable while holding everything else constant
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What is the dependent variable?
Variables that are measured
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What is the quasi experiment?
Independent variables cant be manipulated (gender differences), confounding variables
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What is correlational design?
No manipulation, measure 2 or more variables and determine the extent to which they co - relate - cant infer causalty
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What can an IV have?
2 or more levels (IV (time of day) 3 levels (before, after, 2 hrs after meal)
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What can the DV have?
one or more DVs
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What is the nominal scales?
Mutually exclusive, not necessarily orders, categories, calculations are meaningless
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What is the ordinal scales?
Numbers indicate rank in a list, rank is meaning full, items not necessarily equally spaced
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What is the interval scale?
Differences between 2 values is meaningful
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What is the ratio scale?
Same as interval scale and meaningful zero part, 'twice as big' meaningful
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What is an example of ratio?
Distance to pub (m), beers per night
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What are two confounding variables?
The aspect of the experimental situation values systematically with the IV, Aim of experimental design is to eliminate any potentially confounding variables from the experiment
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What is a nuisance variable?
Some subjects are older than others
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What is a between subjects design?
Each condition is applied to a different group of subjects, meausring gender differences, 2 different methods
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What is meant by individual differences?
By designing subjects randomly to groups, ID should roughly balance between groups
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What is a within subject design also known as?
Repeated measures design
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What happens to individual differences?
They were nuled out in within subject desins as both participants take part in both conditions
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What are the disadvantages of within- subject designs?
Designs lead to confound variables with order effects
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How can the confounding effects of practice be minimized?
by counterbalancing
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For example?
Half of the subjects receive level 1 first, half the subjects receive level 2 first
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What happened to more complex designs?
They require ore complex counterbalancing procedures
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What is the problem with within subject design?
Sometimes we can't run a within subject design even though it would be desirable
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Therefore?
If we try to determine the difference in effectivenes of 2 teaching methods we would have to team 2 different classes
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What would the solution be?
pair students in classes of IQ
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What is another problem with within subject design/
Sometimes we can't actively manipulate the variables we want to test, for ethical reasoning
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What is the solution?
Consider pre existing variable (we didnt manipulate and measure the extent to which they are co-related or covarying
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What are the experimental hypotheses?
Questions that we wish to address in experiments based on our theories
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What is the statistical hypothesis?
Statements about the data to be collected
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What are the two types of statistical hypotheses?
The null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses
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What is the null hypothesis?
Different samples we look at come from the same population
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What is parametric null hypothesis?
H0: All the means are equal
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What are non parametric?
H0: All the distributions are the same
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H0 is the default however what?
We accept it unless we have good evidence to the contary
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What is alternative hypothesis?
The logical opposite of the null hypthesis
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What is mutually exclusive?
Only one of them can be true
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However why is it exhaustive?
They cover all possible outcomes in the experiment
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What is a theory?
Lecturers with beards are particularly great
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What is the research hypothesis?
The students of bearded lectureers do better than the students of non beared lectuerers
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What is the first statistical hypothesis?
No differences in performance
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What is the second hypothesis?
Students of bearded lecturers have higher final mark
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What happens if the null hypothesis is true?
P
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What is the alpha?
Is the level we set
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the dependent variable?

Back

Variables that are measured

Card 3

Front

What is the quasi experiment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is correlational design?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What can an IV have?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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