USSR ; est. 1-party state '17-'24 ; growing centralisation power

?
power became centralised into whose hands?
politburo
1 of 101
why did system established for quick decision making become entrenched after the civil war?
those with power were unwilling to give it p
2 of 101
PERSONAL POWER OF LENIN
DFGD
3 of 101
what were lenin's two official positions in government?
chair of sovnarkom / politburo member
4 of 101
what type of leadership did lenin prefer?
collective leadership
5 of 101
why?
issues could be discussed before decisions were to be made
6 of 101
in 1919 what did he say about all suggestions of personal dictatorship?
'utter nonsense'
7 of 101
however, many bolsheviks saw lenin as a source of?
inspiration
8 of 101
and expected him to provide?
strong leadership
9 of 101
when party faced with difficult heated decisions how could lenin bring everyone into line?
threaten resign from Party position
10 of 101
he did this over what major decision in 1918?
treaty of brest-litovsk
11 of 101
and the adoption of what policy in 1921?
new economic policy
12 of 101
yet from 1922 onward what was what was lenin's power to exert influence over party and government limited by?
severe illness
13 of 101
what did he suffer from as his health deteriorated?
series of strokes
14 of 101
when was his third stroke (m/y)?
march 1923
15 of 101
what happened to him after this?
lost ability to speak except in monosyllables
16 of 101
and what did he remain for the last year of his life?
incapacitated
17 of 101
what had power been centralised to rather than authority of lenin?
party structure
18 of 101
GROWTH PARTY BUREAUCRACY AND NOMENKLATURA SYSTEM
DFIGDFIG
19 of 101
why had many joined the Party in absence of virtually all other political forces?
to further their career prospects in the new regime
20 of 101
but weren't neccesasrily?
committed communists
21 of 101
what ensured development of a more committed communist bureaucracy?
nomenklatura system
22 of 101
which involved drawing up lists of?
approved party employees suitable for certain jobs
23 of 101
from which?
appointments could be made
24 of 101
what did this system encourage?
loyalty to party leaders
25 of 101
if you weren't loyal what would you lose?
place on list and chance at promotion
26 of 101
who administered this centralisation tool?
general secretary
27 of 101
by '24 membership reached around?
1million
28 of 101
which entailed large organisation peopled by?
administrators
29 of 101
who were beginning to form what within themselves?
their own class
30 of 101
what kind of attitudes did this class tend to have?
self-serving
31 of 101
rather than aimed at benefitting who?
industrial proletariat
32 of 101
SOVIET CONSTITUTION '24
NFGDG
33 of 101
by '22 bolsheviks were strong enough to extend Party control where?
outlying regions of Russian empire
34 of 101
Bolshevik tactics were to send in who?
red army
35 of 101
while encouraging local Bolsheviks to do what?
stage unrest
36 of 101
by?
organising mass demonstrations + street violence
37 of 101
when was the constitution finally established?
'24
38 of 101
what does ussr stand for?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
39 of 101
what kind of state was the ussr in theory?
federal
40 of 101
but in practice tightened authority where and to who?
communist party in moscow
41 of 101
what were party bodies in republics (like ukraine) firmly under?
control of central party structure
42 of 101
who did soviet constitution confirm power of?
communist party in state
43 of 101
but did give some representation to who?
party members from each republic
44 of 101
what did the name USSR also emphasise?
that this was a formally federal system
45 of 101
because there was no use of what word in the name of the new state?
'russia'
46 of 101
however in what way especially did russians have advantage over other republics?
numbers
47 of 101
bc russia made up what % land-area?
90%
48 of 101
and what % population?
72%
49 of 101
in addition what fraction communist party were russian?
3/4
50 of 101
USE OF TERROR
DFIGNDFG
51 of 101
who implemented this terror?
cheka
52 of 101
headed by?
dzerzhinsky
53 of 101
which was a party committee formed when (y/m)?
december 1917
54 of 101
to deal with which three things?
counter-revolution / sabotage / speculation
55 of 101
and was soon operating how?
outside the law
56 of 101
also dealt with enemies where?
inside the party
57 of 101
and played a key role in esablishing central control over?
party apparatus
58 of 101
what city and building was the cheka based in?
lubyanka building, moscow
59 of 101
what two things happened here?
arrests planned and prisoners tortured
60 of 101
also carried otu what without using official courts?
executions of suspects
61 of 101
what kind of people had been arrested in august 1918?
left-wing opponents
62 of 101
after what significant event?
attempted assassination on lenin
63 of 101
what were further waves of terror in '21/2 known as?
the Red Terror
64 of 101
between 1917-1923 cheka was responsible for executions of up to how many ppl?
200,000
65 of 101
secret police had how many members in december 1918?
40,000
66 of 101
and how many in '21?
250,000
67 of 101
in 1922 post-civil war what was cheka replaced by?
ogpu
68 of 101
what two things did terror become more?
bureaucratic / discreet
69 of 101
also directed attention where?
within the party
70 of 101
what was the big purge of the party known as?
chistka
71 of 101
which stands for?
cleansing
72 of 101
in which time?
1918 / early 20s
73 of 101
under lenin around what fraction of the party were purged?
1/3
74 of 101
what two things were needed to maintain discipline and order?
intimidation and purges
75 of 101
in what kind of a party?
rapidly expanding
76 of 101
therefore intimidation directed at which three types of people within the party?
adventurers / drunkards / hooligans
77 of 101
what type of group were the bolsheviks?
minority
78 of 101
so fear and intimidaion were esential mechanisms for maintaining what?
their power
79 of 101
especially in circumstances of?
civil war
80 of 101
what does fact use of terror cont'd after civil war suggest?
lack of confidence by Bolsheviks
81 of 101
what was the name of the clown victim in the moscow circus?
bim-bom
82 of 101
what was his act even though hardly a serious threat?
anti-bolshevik jokes
83 of 101
@ end of life what did lenin seem to dev. obsession with?
use of terror
84 of 101
with specific interest in execution fo who?
priests
85 of 101
what does this seem to indicate lenin was developing use of terror for
own individual agenda
86 of 101
DEGREE OF CENTRALISATION
DFDFGD
87 of 101
what did central control not always extend to?
remote areas
88 of 101
government in these areas was chaotic and provided opportunities for what two corrupt groups of people?
local mafia and black marketeers
89 of 101
it would also be wrong to assume 'on party unity' did what?
stifled all debate
90 of 101
which two people opposed lenin's decision to launch revolution in 1917?
kamzino
91 of 101
what was there firece debate within party whether to accept in 1918?
treaty of brest-litovsk
92 of 101
what did NEP in '21 lead to formation of?
left and right wing factions within party
93 of 101
the role of what was to be a source of debate within the arty?
trade unions
94 of 101
which two people led the Workers' Opposition Group?
Alexander Shliapnikov + Alexandra Kollontai
95 of 101
and what did their group favour?
greater role for trade unions
96 of 101
which tow evets in '21 + '20 was this discussed at?
Ninth and Tenth patrty congress
97 of 101
what did lenin take action to do?
crush group
98 of 101
but didn't prevent other groups such as what from emerging?
Workers' Truth
99 of 101
when was stalin appointed general secretary?
'22
100 of 101
part of his role was to keep an eye on what within the party?
potential opposition
101 of 101

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Card 2

Front

why did system established for quick decision making become entrenched after the civil war?

Back

those with power were unwilling to give it p

Card 3

Front

PERSONAL POWER OF LENIN

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what were lenin's two official positions in government?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what type of leadership did lenin prefer?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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