Using Resources

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what reaction takes place in the Haber process
it is a reversible reaction
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what is the equation for reaction that take place in the Haber process
Nitrogen + hydrogen --> Ammonia (N2 + 3H2 --> 2NH3)
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what happens during the Haber process
once the nitrogen and hydrogen have been made and purified they are then fed into a compressor and is pressurized to 200atm and are heated to 450 degrees, then they are fed through to the reaction vessel where an iron catalyst speeds up the process
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what happens during the Haber process (2)
the put into a cooling chamber ammonia condenses into a liquid any unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen asre passed through the chamber again
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what are the optimum condition for making ammonia
450 degrees Celsius, 200 atm pressure and an iron catalyst
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what happens when you increase the pressure in the Haber process
Equilibrium shifts to decrease the pressure, the reaction favors the side with fewer moles of gas, Equilibrium shifts to the right and more product is formed
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what happens when you increase the temperature in the Haber process
Equilibrium shifts to decrease the temperature, the reaction favors endothermic side, Equilibrium shifts to the left and less product is formed
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what does increasing the pressure do to the yield of ammonia and the rate of reaction
increases the yield and increases the rate
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what does increasing the temperature do to the yield of ammonia and the rate of reaction
decreases the yield of ammonia and increases the rate of reaction
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what does adding a catalyst do to the yield of ammonia and the rate of reaction
no effect on the yield of ammonia and increases the rate
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what does removing NH3 from the reaction do to the yield of ammonia and the rate of reaction
increases the yield of ammonia and has no effect on the rate
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what is a fertiliser
a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to improve the growth of plants
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what do plants use nitrogen for
for healthy plant growth and green foliage
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what form of nitrogen cannot be absorbed by plants
nitrogen in gaseous form such as nitrogen in the air
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why are nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium known as macro nutrients
they are elements which are needed in large quantities
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why is Phosphorous needed in the plant for
to promote strong roots and fruit development
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why is potassium needed in plants
healthy plant growth
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Which three ‘macro-nutrients’ do plants require for healthy growth?
Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
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Solid fertiliser salts can be made by reacting ammonia solution with different acids. What type of reaction is this?
Neutralisation
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Which two reactants are needed to make ammonium phosphate in the laboratory?
Ammonia plus phosphoric acid
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The source of phosphorous for fertilisers is phosphate rock mined from the ground. Which fertiliser salts are produced when phosphate rock is treated with sulfuric acid?
Calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
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what is sustainable development
is development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Alloys - structure
same metallic bond - atoms in the element disrupt the regular layers so they do not slide over each other easily- stronger than normal metals
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examples of Alloys
Bronze - copper and tin, Brass - copper and zinc, aluminium alloys have a low density, gold is alloyed with copper/zinc/silver - harder and change colour
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steel alloys
high carbon steel - very hard and brittle, Low carbon steel - softer less brittle, easily shaped, stainless steel - mixed with nickel and chromium, hard and does not corrode easily
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Glass and properties
Soda line glass - mixed with sodium carbonate, borosilicate glass - harder and higher melting point
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Ceramics and uses
made from clay and bricks, sinks and toilets - moulded into shape when wet, heated in a furnace, clay - mixture of compounds with both ionic and covalent bonds regular structure, brittle and hard
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what is a composite
are mixtures of substances that together provide properties suitable for a particular use,
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Examples of Composites
Glass-ceramic - is hard but tough, both hard and brittle, Fibreglass - composite of glass and polymer- tough but flexible, waterproof with low density
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what does the properties of polymers depend on
monomer used to make it and the conditions used
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how is low density poly(ethene) (LDPE)
under high pressure and in the presence of oxygen creates branched chains so molecules cant pack closely together - plastic bags
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how is high density poly(ethene) (HDPE)
catalyst at 50 degrees celcius, slightly higher pressure, straight chains closely packed high density
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what is the difference between Thermosoftening polymers and Thermosetting polymers
thermosetting polymers - melt when heated at the have weak inter-molecular forces and easy to separate whilst thermosetting polymers do melt when heated when heated as they have strong covalent bonds - heat resistant and form cross links
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life cycle assessment
1: extracting and processing raw materials,energy, finite of renewable - 2:manufacturing and packaging, transportation and energy used - 3: use and operation during its lifetime - 4: disposal at the end of its useful life, landfill, incineration,
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what does potable water mean
water that is safe to drink - has low levels of dissolved salts and free of microbes
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what methods can be used to obtain drinking water - potable water from ground water
choose an appropiate source of fresh water - filter out solids - sterilize to kill microbes - sedimentation sand and soil settle at the bottom -chemicals added to collect small particles - fine gravel
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what chemicals can be used to kill bacteria in water
ozone, chlorine and UV light
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what methods can be used to obtain drinking water - potable water from
desalination - distillation- evaporation of water which then condenses or reverse osmosis - involves a semi-permeable membrane
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what methods can be used to obtain drinking water - treating waste water
screening and removal of grit and other solids - sedimentation to produce effluent - anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge - aerobic biological treatment of effluent - then can be sterilized
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what is the difference between low grade and high grade ores
high grade ores contain a higher concentration of desired metal
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what are the two other methods of extracting metals
Phytomining- plants are grown on low grade ore and are taken up from the soil and stored in the leaves - then burn to release compound, made into copper sulfate and bioleaching - bacteria are used to break down the copper compounds in the soil -
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What two methods can be used to extract copper from a solution of copper sulfate produced by bioleaching or phytomining?
Electrolysis or displacement
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disadvantages and advantages of using high grade ores
higher percentage of copper more produced - finite/non-renewable , expensive - damaging the environment
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disadvantages and advantages of Phytomining and bioleaching
removes toxic copper compounds from soil, mining not required - less waste- less energy - very slow, - copper ions still need to be purified
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Card 2

Front

what is the equation for reaction that take place in the Haber process

Back

Nitrogen + hydrogen --> Ammonia (N2 + 3H2 --> 2NH3)

Card 3

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what happens during the Haber process

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what happens during the Haber process (2)

Back

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Card 5

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what are the optimum condition for making ammonia

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