Unit 2A biology

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  • Created by: Elvis
  • Created on: 18-01-13 20:33
Animal and plant cells are similar. what are the 5 features they both have?
-cell membrane -nucleus -cytoplasm -mitochondria -ribosomes
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What does the cell membrane do?
-holds cell together -controls what goes in and out
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What does the nucleus do?
-contains the genetic material
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What does the cytoplasm do?
-where all the chemical reactions take place -holds the enzyme that controls these chemical reactions
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What does the mitochondria do?
where the reactions for respiration take place
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What does the ribosomes do?
where the proteins are made/ synthesis
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What does a plant cell have that human/ animal cell doesn't?
-a cell wall -permanent vacuole -chloroplasts
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What does the permanent cell wall do?
-supports and strengthens the cell -made of cellulose
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what does the permanent vacuole do?
-made of cell sap -contains weak solution of sugar and salts
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what does the chloroplasts do?
where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for plant -contains chlorophyll
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Name two types of single celled microorganisms?
-yeast -bacteria
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What parts does the yeast cell contain?
-cell membrane -cell wall -nucleus with genetic material -cytoplasm
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What parts does the bacteria cell contain?
-no nucleus -cell membrane -cell wall -cytoplasm
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define diffusion
-the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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how does diffusion work in cell membranes?
-dissolved substances can move in and out of cells -only very small molecules can diffuse through membranes e.g. oxygen, glucose, amino acids and water -big molecules like starch and proteins can't fit through the membrane -high to low movement
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what is net (overall) movement?
-movement of particles - the side with more particles, net movement from that side
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What does the order of the cell organisation go like?
cell>tissues>organs>organ systems
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What are large multicellular organisms made of?
organ systems
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What is differentiation?
the process by which cells become specialised. occurs during devlopment of multicellular organism
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Define tissue
-group of similar cells that work together to carry out particular function
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What are examples of tissues in mammals?
-muscular tissue -glandular tissue -epithelial tissue
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What is -muscular tissue -glandular tissue -epithelial tissue for?
-muscular tissue is for contracting to move whatever it's attached to -glandular tissue, which makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes -epithelial tissue, which covers some parts of the body
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define organs
an organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a particula function
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explain what organs made of tissue do? 3
muscular tissue- moves the stomach wall to churn up the food -glandular tissue, which makes digestive juices to digest food -epithelial tissue, which covers the outside and inside of the stomac
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define organ system?
group of organs working together to perform a particular function
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what does the digestive system do?
exchanges material with the environment by taking in nutrients and releasing substances such as bile
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what are the five things plants use glucose for?
-respiration -making cell walls -making proteins -stored in seeds -stored as starch
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Why is respiration useful in plants?
-some of glucose used as respiration -releases energy, which converts the rest of the glucose into other useful substances, which can be used to build new cells and grow
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Why do cells walls do in plants?
-glucose converted to cellulose for making permantent cells walls
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how are proteins used in plants?
-glucose combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids to make into proteins
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how is glucose stored in seeds?
-glucose turned into lipids for storing in seeds. seeds also store starch
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how is glucose stored as starch?
-glucose is turned into starch and stored in rootsm stems and leaves ready for use when photosynthesis isn't happening
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Why is starch insoluble?
-makes it better for storig than glucose, a cell with lots of glucose in would get loads of water and swell up
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what factors affect the rate of reaction?
-intensity of light -volume of co2 -temperature
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what does limiting factor mean?
when -intensity of light -volume of co2 -temperature is stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster
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which environmental conditions affect the limiting factors at a particular time?
-at night, light -at winter, temperature -warm and bright enough, its co2
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How do you calculate results in the pondweed experiment?
-measure amount of energy -count the bubbles given off -more accurate: collect oxygen in a gas syringe
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how to measure light intensity?
-at beaker using a light meter
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what is a way to control the amount of co2?
-dissolve different amounts of sodium hydrogencarbonate in water, which gives off co2
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what is best way to control the temperature?
-of the flask, place in water bath
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what are artificial conditions?
-conditions which is artificially created for the ideal environment for plants is to grow them in a greenhouse
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how do greenhouses control temperature?
-trap sun's heat -in winter, use heater and in summer if too hot, use shades or ventilation to cool things down
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how do greenhouses control light?
-comercial farmrs supply artificial light after sun goes down for more quality photosynthesis
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how do greenhouses control co2?
-farmers increase level of co2 in greenhouse -use paraffin heater to heat the greenhouse, as parafin burns, makes co2 as by-product
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apart from -intensity of light -volume of co2 -temperature, how else do farmers artificially boost production in plants?
-keeping plants enclosed keeps it away from pests and diseases -add fertilisers to soil, provide all minerals needed for healthy growth----> costs oney, but more faster and decent crop
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What are plants made of?
-organs like stems, roots and leaves. these organs made of tissues
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What are leaves made of?
-mesophyll tissue-where most of photosynthesis in plant occurs -xylem and phloem: transports things like water, mineral ions and sucrose around plant -epidermal tissue:covers whole plant
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what is word equation for photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + oxygen
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define photosynthesis
-process which produces food in plants and algae. food it produces is glucose -happens in chloroplasts
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what are chloroplasts?
-contain green substance called chlorophyll, absorbs sunlight and uses energy to convert co2 and water into glucose. o2 produced as by-product
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what are 4 raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
-sunlight -chlorophyll -water -co2
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label cross section of leaf
.
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what is a habitat? what is distribution of organism?
-place where organism live-distribution is where an organism is found
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what environmental factors affect where an organism is affected?
-temp -availabilty of water/ oxygen/ co2, of nutrients -amount of light
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two ways to study distribution of organism
-measure using two sample areas -distribution change across an area
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exlplain process of using quadrats
.
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how to work out population size?
.
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explain process of using transects.
.
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how is environmental data reliable?
-repeatable and reproducible -using random samples
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how is environmental data valid?
-must be reliable -control all variables that could affect results (caused by env't factor)
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what do palisade leafs have and do?
-packed with chloroplasts for photosyn -at top for more light -tall shape, more surface area, to absorb more co2 from air -thin shape, pack loads at top of leaf
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what are guard cells and what they do?
-special kidney shape, open and close stomata(pores) in leafe -water fills guard cells, go plump and turgid, makes stomota open, so gases exchanged for photosyn -plant short of water, guard cells become flaccid, make stomota close, helps water vapour
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how are red blood cells adapted?
-concave shape, big surface area to absorb oxygen, also pass smoothly through capillaries to rach body cells -packed with haemoglobin -no nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
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how are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?
-long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to egg -lots of mitochondria to provide cell with energy -carry enzymes in head to digest through egg cell membrane
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how is egg cell specialised for reproduction?
-contains huge food reserves to feed embryo -when sperm fuses with egg, egg's membrane instantly changes its structure to stop any more sperm getting in, for offspring to have right amount of DNA
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how are root hair cells specialized?
-underground, no sunlight so no nucleus -hair like structure: increase surface area, absorb water & minerals
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the cell membrane do?

Back

-holds cell together -controls what goes in and out

Card 3

Front

What does the nucleus do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the cytoplasm do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the mitochondria do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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