UNIT 2 KEY WORDS

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  • Created by: sydneyks
  • Created on: 26-05-15 14:04
Saturated hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon with single bonds only
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Unsaturated hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
straight or branched chain hydrocarbons
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Alicyclic Hydrocarbon
ring structure hydrocarbon
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Functional Group
part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
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Homologous Series
Series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differeing by CH2
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Alkanes
homologous series with general formular CnH2n+2
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Alkyl Group
alkane with a hydrogen atom removed like CH3
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Structural Formula
shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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Structural Isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with teh same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space (E/Z isomerism)
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Homolytic Fission
breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
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Radical
species with an unpaired electron
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Heterolytic Fission
breaking of a covalent bond with both the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms (forms cation + and anaion-)
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Nucleophile
electron pair donnor - attracted to electron dificient centre
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Electrophile
electron pair acceptor - attracted to electron rich centre
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Addition Reaction
reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
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Substitution Reaction
atom/group is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
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Elimination Reaction
removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
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Fractional Distillation
seperation of components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differe in boiling points by means of distillation
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Cracking
breaking down long chained alkanes to form shorter more useful alkanes and alkenes
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Catalyst
substance that increase the rate of reaction witout being used in the process
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Radical Substitution
type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces an atom
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Mechanism
steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
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Initiation
first step in radical substitution, where radicals are formed by UV radiation
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Propagation
two repeated steps in radical substition that build up the products in a chain reaction
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Termination
step at the end of radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule
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Pi - Bond
the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals
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Electrophilic Addition
type of addition reaction with electrophiles forming new covalent bonds
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Carbocation
organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
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Curly Arrow
symbol to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking and forming of a covalent bond
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Polymer
long molecular chain built up of monomer units
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Monomer
small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form polymers
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Biodegradable Material
material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
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Volatility
the ease that a liquid turns into a gas
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Reflux
continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry
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Esterfication
alcohol and carboxylic acid reaction
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Dehydration
elimination reaction where water is removed
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Hydrolysis
reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions, breaking chemical compounds into two
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Nucleophilic Substitution
Substitution reaction where the nucleophile is attracted to the electron dificient centre
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Atom Economy
(molecular mass of desired product / sum of molecular masses of all products) x 100
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Molecular Ion
positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses and electron
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Enthalpy
heat content that is stored in a chemical system
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Exothermic
enthalpy of products is small than enthalpy of reactants, resulting in heat loss to surroundings
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Endothermic
enthalpy of reactants is less than enthalpy of products, resulting in heat absorbtion from surroundings
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Activaion Energy
minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds
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Standard Conditions
100kPa , 298K , 1 moldm3 Concentration
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Standard enthalpy change of reaction
enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard conditions in species standard states
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Standard enthalpy change of combustion
energy change when 1 mole of substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions in species standard states
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Standard enthalpy change of formation
energy change when one mole of compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions in species standard states
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Specific Heat Capacity
energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1 degrees centigrade
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Bond Enthalpy
enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of gaseous species
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Hess's Law
If a raction can take place by more than one route and the initial and final conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route
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Homogenous Catalysis
catalyst and reactants are in the same phsical state
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Hetrogenous Catalysis
catalyst and reactants have different physical states
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Dynamic Equilibrium
equilibrium in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse
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Le Chateliers Principle
when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change
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The Greenhouse effect
process in which the absorption and subsequent emission of IR by atomospheric gases warm the lower atomosphere and the planets surface
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Adsorption
process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid, or liquid
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Sustainability
the developement of processes that prevent the depletion of natural resources
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds

Back

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Card 3

Front

straight or branched chain hydrocarbons

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

ring structure hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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