Module 2- Hydrocarbons

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Organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only
Hydrocarbons
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a hydrocarbon with only single bonds
Saturated Hydrocarbon
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A hydrocarbon containing carbon- carbon double bonds
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
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A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
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A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure
Alicyclic Hydrocarbon
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The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
Functional Group
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A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
Homologous Series
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The homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
Alkanes
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A system of naming compounds
Nomenclature
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An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed. (Often shown as 'R')
Alkyl Group
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The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.
General Formula
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The relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
Displayed Formula
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The minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Structural Formula
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A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
Skeletal Formula
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Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atom
Structural Isomers
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Compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space
Stereoisomers
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A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond may be arrangement differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
E/Z isomerism
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A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of a C=C bond. Cis is equal to Z and trans equal to E.
Trans -Cis isomerism
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The Breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
Homolytic Fission
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A species with an unpaired electron
Radical
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The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms creating a cation(+ion) and a anion(-ion)
Heterolytic Fission
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An atom that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new dative covalent bond
Nucleophile
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An atom that is attracted to electron-rich centre, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a dative covalent bond
Electrophile
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A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
Addition Reaction
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A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
Substitution Reaction
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The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
Elimination Reaction
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The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column
Fractional Distillation
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The breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter - chained alkanes and alkenes.
Cracking
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A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.
Catalyst
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A type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms
Radical Substitution
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A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.
Mechanism
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The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation.
Initiation
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the two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction
Propagation
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The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule
Termination
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The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals
Pi-bond
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A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attached to an electron -rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
Electrophilic Addition
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An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
Carbocation
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A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond
Curly Arrow
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A long molecular chain built up from monomer units
Polymer
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A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
Monomer
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The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules add on to a growing polymer chain to form a very long saturated polymer.
Addition Polymerisation
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A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again
A repeat unit
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A material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
Biodegradable Material
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The ease that a liquid turns into a gas. Increases as boiling point decreases.
Volatility
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The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without contents of the flask boiling dry
Reflux
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The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water
Esterification
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An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
Dehydration
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A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds
Hydrolysis
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A type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron- deficient centre, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Nucleophilic Substitution
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The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
Limiting Reagent
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The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron
Molecular Ion
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The process in mas spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion.
Fragmentation
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A species with an unpaired electron
Radical
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An electron pair acceptor
Electrophile
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An electron pair donor
Nucleophile
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a hydrocarbon with only single bonds

Back

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Card 3

Front

A hydrocarbon containing carbon- carbon double bonds

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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