Unit 2 chemistry Module 1

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  • Created by: sophiee96
  • Created on: 05-02-13 15:29
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only
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Saturated hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with single bonds only
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Unsaturdated hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon with carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
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Aphatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
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Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in ring structure
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Functional group
Part of the organic molecule responsible for chemical reactions
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Homologous series
Series of organic compounds with same functional group but each successive member differing by CH2
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Alkanes
Homologous series with the general formula: CnH2n+2
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List of first 10 alkanes in homologous series
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane
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Alkyl group
Alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, eg CH3; any alkyl group is often shown as 'R'
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General formula
Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
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Displayed formula
Shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
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Structural formula
Shows minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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Skelatal formula
Simpkified organic formula,vwith hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
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Structural isomers
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula, but a different arrangement of atoms in space
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E/Z isomerism
A type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon atom of a C=C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond
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Cis-trans isomerism
A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and on each C of a C=C double bond
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Cis isomer (Z isomers)
Has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side
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Trans isomer (E isomer)
Has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides
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Homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
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Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
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Heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation (+ ion) and an anion (- ion)
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Nucleophile
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre of atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Electronphile
An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Addition reaction
Reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
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Substitution reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms
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Elimination reaction
The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule
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Fractional distillation
The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column
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Cracking
Refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes
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Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process
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Radical substitution
The type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms
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Mechanism
A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction
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Initiation
The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation
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Propagation
Two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction
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Termination
The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule
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A pi-bond
The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals
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Electrophilic addiction
A type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond
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Carbocation
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge
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Polymer
A long molecule chain built up from monomer units
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Monomer
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer
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Additional polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated aliens molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated chain
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Addition polymer
A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers)
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Repeat unit
A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Saturated hydrocarbons

Back

Hydrocarbons with single bonds only

Card 3

Front

Unsaturdated hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Aphatic hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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