Unit 1: Section 2: Tsarism's Last Chance, 1906-1917

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Who was appointed as Minister of Interior in 1906? What trait did he possess?
Pavel Dumovo; decisive.
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What did the Liberals NOT want to happen?
Didn't want Russia to slide into anarchy, so they co-operated with the regime.
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What happened in April 1906?
The Tsar, with the help of Witte, secured a loan from France of 850 million roubles.
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Who was Witte replaced by?
Pyotr Stolypin
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What did Stolypin do to restore order in the countryside?
Frequently used the death penalty.
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What were the Fundamental Laws? When did they come into force?
1906; became new constitution of Russia.
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What did the Fundamental Laws create?
A national parliament with an elected lower house - Duma. Upper House - 'Council of State' - consisted of elected members and those appointed by the Tsar.
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What was Article 87?
Article of Fundamental Laws which allowed the Tsar to rule by decree and ignore parliament.
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When was the first Duma elected?
April 1906
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What did many members of the first Duma want?
Land reforms
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After how long did the Tsar dissolve the first Duma?
73 days
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Why did the Tsar dissolve the first Duma?
Because they were making too many radical demands, such as the release of political prisoners.
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When was the second Duma elected?
February 1907
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What did the second Duma pass?
Important land reforms approved by Stolypin.
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What did the second Duma still contain?
People who demanded further political reforms.
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How long did the second Duma last?
Only 3 months; dissolved in June.
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What did the police claim of the members of the Duma?
That they were encouraging mutinies in the armed forces; gave Tsar reason to close them down.
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When were the elections for a third Duma held?
November 1907.
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Who could vote for the third Duma?
Only the wealthiest 30% of men.
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What happened as a result of the limited number of voters?
There were few reformers in the new parliament as the wealthy were not in favour of radical reform; Duma didn't demand reforms & supported the Tsar.
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What did the third Duma become known as?
Duma of Lords and Lackeys
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When was Stolypin assassinated?
September 18th, 1911
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When was the fourth Duma elected? What did it do?
June 1912; continued to support Tsar.
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How long did the fourth Duma last?
Until 1914.
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What were Land Captains replaced by?
More effective Justices of the Peace.
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What were some positive impacts of the Duma? (4 points)
Plan to establish universal primary education introduced; some health & accident insurance programmes developed to help workers; some improvements to Russian armed forces implemented; moving closer to full democracy.
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In what period was Stolypin the prime minister of Russia?
1906-11
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What did Stolypin oppose?
Revolutionary groups such as Bolsheviks.
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What did Stolypin support?
Agrarian reforms; understood making peasants small landowners would prevent them supporting groups who opposed the Tsar.
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What did Stolypin do in November 1906?
Passed a law that made it easier for peasants to break away from communes; peasants no longer needed permission of majority of members of commune, or Mir.
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What was the Peasants Land Bank encouraged to do in November 1906?
Give more loans to peasants.
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What law was passed in 1910?
A law that dissolved all Mirs in which no land redistribution had taken place after emancipation of serfs.
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What did Stolypin provide?
Incentives and government loans for peasants to move to land that had not been exploited in Siberia.
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What percentage of peasants owned land in 1905 & 1915?
1905; 20%. 1915; 50%.
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What was agricultural production in 1906 and 1913?
1906; 45.9 million tonnes. 1913; 61.7 million tonnes.
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What massacre occurred in 1912?
Lena Goldfield massacre in Siberia, where Tsar's police killed strikers.
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What occurred in Moscow in June 1914?
General strike in Moscow, but stopped after Russia entered WWI.
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Between 1906 and 1907, how many peasants accepted new opportunities presented by Stolypin?
15%
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Between 1906 and 1914, what percentage of peasants had left Mirs?
25%
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What were the general successes of Stolypin's reforms? (3 points)
Some peasants who owned land became more loyal to Tsar; 3rd and 4th Dumas more loyal to Tsar; Lenin saw Stolypin's reforms as a threat to gaining the support of peasants in any future revolution.
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What were the general failures of Stolypin's reforms? (3 points)
Majority of peasants who accepted Stolypin's incentives were in more prosperous areas (e.g. Ukraine); limited impact in cities; weakened Dumas.
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What did military reforms in 1908 focus on?
Improving organisation of armed forces & ensuring they were provided with proper equipment.
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What strategy did the French want the Russians to adopt?
An offensive strategy to put more pressure on Germany.
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What did increased tensions in the Balkans result in?
The Russians adopting the 'Grand Plan' in 1913; supported offensive strategy demanded by French.
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What did Russia fail to do in 1914?
Secure a quick victory against Russia.
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What occurred initially in 1914?
Russian army made advances and majority of Russians supported war.
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Where did Russian forces suffer defeats?
At the battles of Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes.
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How many casualties did the Russians suffer?
Approximately 230,000; far more than Germany.
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When did Turkey join the war? What did this mean?
November 1914; severed key supply line for Russia into Mediterranean.
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What was the command centre of Russia?
Stavka; very inefficient.
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What remained a problem in 1915?
Transportation - some Russian artillery units limited to 3 shells per day.
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What did Russian armies do in 1915?
Retreated from Russian Poland.
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Who did the Tsar dismiss?
His uncle, Grand Duke Nicolai, and made himself Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
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What did the retreat result in?
1.5 million casualties and loss of important cities such as Vilna.
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What was happening by 1916?
General Alexeyev had improved the production of artillery shells.
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How large was Russia's army by 1916?
1.7 million men.
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What did Alexeyev do in March 1916?
Launched Russian forces against German troops around Lake Naroch. Failure; 100,000 casualties.
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What did General Brusilov do in 1916?
Launched a successful attack against Austro-Hungarian forces, but Russian forces didn't have resources to full exploit success.
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How many Russian soldiers were dead and wounded by December 1916?
1.6 million dead; 3.9 million wounded.
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What formed in 1915 in the Duma? What did it consist of?
The Progressive Bloc; consisted of different groups such as Kadets.
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What was the aim of the Bloc?
Convince the Tsar to establish a Ministry of Public Confidence to help run the war.
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What did the Tsar see the creation of the Progressive Bloc as an attempt to do?
Weaken his autocratic power and so he temporarily closed the Duma.
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What organisations did the Tsarina not trust?
Zemgor and the War Industries Committee
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Who sent telegrams requesting the return of the Tsar?
Rodzianko, leader of the Duma.
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What was the Tsar prevented from returning to Petrograd by?
Striking railway workers.
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When did the Tsar abdicate?
2nd March 1917
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What had inflation reached by 1917?
200%
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What did the Tsar decide to ban during the war? What effect did this have?
Banned sale and production of alcohol; reduced tax revenues for the government and thus the national debt quadrupled.
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What was Petrograd's population in 1914 and 1917?
1914; 2.1 million. 1917; 2.7 million.
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What crisis occurred in 1916?
Peasants could not secure stable prices for their grain.
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How much of the total grain harvested was sold to markets in 1917? Why?
10%; peasants were hoarding grain for their own use.
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How many railway wagons of grain did Moscow receive per month in 1914?
2200
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How many railway wagons of grain did Moscow receive in December 1916?
300
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How much of its total grain requirements did Petrograd receive in January 1917?
48%
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Card 4

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Card 5

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