unit two
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- Created by: cvernii223
- Created on: 15-07-21 05:33
Sensation
the process of receiving and dectecting raw sensory information via our sensory organs and sending it to the brain
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Perception
the process of slecting, organising and interpreting sensory information to be able to undestand it
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What are the three stages of sensation
reception
transduction
transmission
transduction
transmission
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Reception
When sensory stimlus is first detected by a sensory organ
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Reception
Sensory Recepters
Sensory Recepters
receptors on the ends of a neuron that specilise in detecting ad receiving informatuon aboout specifc kinds of sensory stimilu
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Reception
Receptive Field
Receptive Field
the area or space in which a sensory stimulus can be detected by a sensory reception
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Transduction
the conversion of raw sensory.
information detected by sensory recpetors into a form that can be sent to the brain
PROCESS IS ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
information detected by sensory recpetors into a form that can be sent to the brain
PROCESS IS ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
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Transmission
the process of sending sensory information as a nural impluse to the relevant primary sensory cortex area of the brain
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what are the three stages of perception
selection, organisation & interpretation
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Selection
the process of attending to certain features of sensor stimuli to the exclusion of others
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Organisation
refers to the process of regrouping features of sensory stimuli together in order to form cohesive and meaningful information
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Interepertation
the process by which incoming sensory information is given, meaning so that it can be understood, enabes us to understand what we've looked at, involves bringing together incoming sensory information and using exisiting knowledge to make sense of sensory
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Ganglion cells
Generate action potentials that enable transmission of the information to the brain.
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Optic nerve
transmits the visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex.
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Blind spot
Where the optic nerve exits the eye at the back of the retina there are no rods or cones here so it is known as a blind spot.
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Optic chiasm
Point where the axons cross over.
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what are the processes of visual perception
Reception and light energy
The visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum - wavelengths between 360 - 760 nanometres
The energy that enables us to see is what we call light energy, the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum - wavelengths between 360 - 760 nanometres
The energy that enables us to see is what we call light energy, the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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what is the role of the eye in visual perception
Light is focused on the retina, which contains photoreceptors (light-sensitive cells).
The retina is the nerve tissue that covers more than 50% of the inner surface of the back of the eye.
It contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones.
The retina is the nerve tissue that covers more than 50% of the inner surface of the back of the eye.
It contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones.
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Rods
125, 000, 000 in each eye.
They are responsible for vision in low light (very sensitive)
They are responsible for peripheral vision
Concentrated at the edges of the retina
Low visual acuity (poor detail)
Register in black and white
Most sensitive to light
They are responsible for vision in low light (very sensitive)
They are responsible for peripheral vision
Concentrated at the edges of the retina
Low visual acuity (poor detail)
Register in black and white
Most sensitive to light
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Cones
6, 500, 000 in each eye
They are concentrated in the middle of the retina
They are responsible for the vision of detail
They are responsible for colour vision (and black-and-white vision in daylight)
They require high levels of light to enable them to res
They are concentrated in the middle of the retina
They are responsible for the vision of detail
They are responsible for colour vision (and black-and-white vision in daylight)
They require high levels of light to enable them to res
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Gestalt principles
In terms of sight, it deals with the tendency for our visual system to perceive what we see as a meaningful whole.
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Figure-ground organisation
the part of the visual field being attended to and focused on is the figure, and its surroundings are the ground.
Figure and ground are separated by an imagined contour (line), which belongs to the figure. Camouflage is where the contour is broken, and fi
Figure and ground are separated by an imagined contour (line), which belongs to the figure. Camouflage is where the contour is broken, and fi
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Closure
Occurs when we perceive an object as being whole, despite it actually being incomplete.
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Similarity
Similarity is when the individual parts of a stimulus pattern are similar (e.g. in size, shape, or colour).
We tend to group them together as a meaningful ‘whole’.
We tend to group them together as a meaningful ‘whole’.
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Proximity
Proximity is when the individual parts of a stimulus pattern are close to each other.
We tend to group together as a meaningful ‘whole’.
We tend to group together as a meaningful ‘whole’.
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Depth Cues
Locating objects in space
Judge whether one object is above, below, or to the left or right of another
How far away objects are from each other and ourselves
Judge whether one object is above, below, or to the left or right of another
How far away objects are from each other and ourselves
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Depth perception
Depth perception is the ability to accurately judge 3D space and distance, using cues in the environment.
We live in a 3D world, but only have 2D images on our retina.
Depth cues may be binocular or monocular.
We live in a 3D world, but only have 2D images on our retina.
Depth cues may be binocular or monocular.
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Binocular Depth Cues
Requires the use of both eyes working together in order to provide information to the brain about depth and distance.
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Retinal Disparity
Retinal disparity is a cue that comes about because our eyes are set about 6-7 cm apart.
This means that each eye receives a slightly different image on the retina.
The brain fuses the two images together in stereoscopic vision - the more different the tw
This means that each eye receives a slightly different image on the retina.
The brain fuses the two images together in stereoscopic vision - the more different the tw
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Convergence
As an object comes closer to us, our eyes turn inwards to keep the object centred on the retina.
Objects within 7 cm.
The brain reads the amount of tension in the muscles that move the eyes and uses this to make judgements of distance.
Objects within 7 cm.
The brain reads the amount of tension in the muscles that move the eyes and uses this to make judgements of distance.
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Monocular Depth Cues
Enable us to judge depth and distance using one eye.
Most depth cues are monocular so we can still perform many of our daily activities without difficulty if we lose vision in one eye.
Most depth cues are monocular so we can still perform many of our daily activities without difficulty if we lose vision in one eye.
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Accommodation
Accommodation involves the lens of the eye changing shape so that it can focus light rays onto the retina.
Ciliary muscles control whether the lens bulges (for closer objects) or flattens (for more distant objects).
The tension in the muscles is received
Ciliary muscles control whether the lens bulges (for closer objects) or flattens (for more distant objects).
The tension in the muscles is received
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Motion Parallax
Motion parallax uses our perception of movement to help us gauge how far away things are.
Imagine you are in a car: the objects in the distance seem to stay still, yet the objects closest to us that we are passing with speed seem to move by very quickly.
Imagine you are in a car: the objects in the distance seem to stay still, yet the objects closest to us that we are passing with speed seem to move by very quickly.
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Pictorial Depth Cues
They are used by artists to create a 3D perception of something that exists on a 2D surface.
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Linear Perspective
Parallel lines are made to converge as they extend along the page to an imaginary point (where in theory they meet) at the horizon.
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Interposition
Is based on the partial blocking or obscuring of one object by another (overlap).
The obscured object appears to be further away than the object obscuring (overlapping) it.
Good for determining which object is closer, but not as effective for actually ju
The obscured object appears to be further away than the object obscuring (overlapping) it.
Good for determining which object is closer, but not as effective for actually ju
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Texture Gradient
used to make surfaces in a picture appear to recede into the distance.
Less detail as a surface is more distant, as in real life.
Less detail as a surface is more distant, as in real life.
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Relative Size
Our tendency to perceive the object producing the largest retinal image as being the nearest, and the object producing the smallest retinal image as being the farthest.
Must have knowledge of the real size of the objects so accurate comparisons can be mad
Must have knowledge of the real size of the objects so accurate comparisons can be mad
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Height in the Visual Field
Shows depth by portraying objects further away as being closer to the horizon. Objects in the air appear further away as they become lower in the visual field (closer to the horizon). Ground objects will be perceived as further away as they become higher
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Size constancy
This refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an object’s size, even though the image on the retina alters as the object moves nearer to or further from us.
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Shape constancy
Is the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in the shape of the image of the object on the retina.
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Brightness constancy
Is the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in relation to its surroundings, despite changes in the amount of light being reflected from the object to the retina.
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The effect of psychological factors on a perceptual set:
Expectations that are created by our previous experiences, the environment in which a stimulus is seen, our motivation and even our emotional state can combine to predispose us to perceive the world in a certain way.
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Context (Environment)
Context refers to the setting or environment in which perception is made.
Context focuses our attention on relevant information.
Context focuses our attention on relevant information.
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Emotional state
How we are feeling can influence the way in which we perceive visual information
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Previous Experience
Past experience refers to our personal experiences throughout our lives.
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Motivation
Motivation refers to internal processes which activate behaviour that we direct towards achieving a particular goal.
Psychological, biological, or social factors.
See what we want to see.
Psychological, biological, or social factors.
See what we want to see.
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Culture
Culture refers to the way of life a particular community or group that sets it apart from other communities and groups.
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Stimulus
chemical molecules combine with the saliva on your tongue.
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Reception
the molecules stimulate sensory receptors called taste receptors (in taste buds, in papillae).
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cornea
This is the glassy outer “window” of our eye that protects it.
It focuses light waves onto the retina.
It focuses light waves onto the retina.
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taste - tongue
The organ of taste is the tongue, on which are located most the of the 10,000 taste buds in our mouth and throat.
50-150 receptors on each taste bud
10-day lifespan for each receptor cell
50-150 receptors on each taste bud
10-day lifespan for each receptor cell
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Five Basic Tastes
SWEET: sugar and its derivatives such as fructose or lactose, as well as artificial sweeteners.
SOUR: lemon juice, lime juice, vinegar, etc. Acidity helps us judge the ripeness of food – less ripe, more sour – and whether it is ‘off’.
SALTY: table salt, b
SOUR: lemon juice, lime juice, vinegar, etc. Acidity helps us judge the ripeness of food – less ripe, more sour – and whether it is ‘off’.
SALTY: table salt, b
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the process of slecting, organising and interpreting sensory information to be able to undestand it
Back
Perception
Card 3
Front
reception
transduction
transmission
transduction
transmission
Back
Card 4
Front
When sensory stimlus is first detected by a sensory organ
Back
Card 5
Front
receptors on the ends of a neuron that specilise in detecting ad receiving informatuon aboout specifc kinds of sensory stimilu
Back
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