Unit 7- Organic Chemistry

7.1.1.- CRUDE OIL, HYDROCARBONS AND ALKANES

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What was crude oil formed from?

Crude oil was formed from the remains of ancient biomass; mainly PLANKTON buried in the mud.

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What is crude oil made up of?

It is a MIXTURE of different compounds; these are mainly HYDROCARBONS

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What are hydrocarbons?

Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon ONLY.

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What is meant if a compound is said to be saturated?

The compound contains SINGLE BONDS ONLY.

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What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2

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What are the names of the first 4 alkanes?

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane (Monkeys, Eat, Peanut, Butter)

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Give the general and displayed formula of each of the first 4 alkanes.

CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10 (plus drawn out displayed)

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What is meant by a homologous series?

Compounds with the same general formula that have the same functional group (i.e. alkanes, alkenes, alcohols)

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7.1.2- FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION AND PETROCHEMICALS

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What is the name of the process used to separate crude oil?

Fractional Distillation

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Describe how fractional distillation works

Crude oil is heated so it EVAPORATES. The gas rises up the column and cool. The different compounds in the mixture have different boiling points so they condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column

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What is a fraction?

A group of hydrocarbons that collect together due to having similar boiling points.

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What hydrocarbons have similar boiling points?

Hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms tend to have simlar boiling points

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What hydrocarbons collect near the bottom of the fractionating column?

Longer chain hydrocarbons because they have higher boiling points, so require higher temps (found at the bottom) to condense.

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Why is fractional distillation possible as a separating technique for crude oil?

Crude oil is a MIXTURE that contains compounds that have DIFFERENT BOILING points

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Name 5 useful fuels produced from crude oil

Diesal oil, petrol, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases

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Name 4 useful materials produced by the petrochemical industry

Polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents

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7.1.3-PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBONS

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Are shorter chain molecules more or less runny than longer ones?

Shorter chain- more runny (less viscous)

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Are shorter chain molecules more or less flammable than longer ones?

More flammable

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Do shorter chain molecules have higher or lower boiling points?

Lower boiling points

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What happens during combustion of hydrocarbons?

The carbon and hydrogen are both oxidised by oxygen in air. Energy is released also during the process.

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What are the products when hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion?

Water and Carbon Dioxide

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Write a balanced equation for the combustion of propane

C3H8 + 5 O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O

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Write a balanced equation for the combustion of butane

C4H10 + 6.5O2 + 4CO2 + 5H2O

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7.1.4- CRACKING AND ALKENES

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What is cracking?

Breaking down of longer molecules into smaller ones

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What type of reaction is cracking an example of?

Thermal decomposition

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Why is cracking carried out?

Smaller molecules tend to be more useful (i.e. as fuels) and in greater demand

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Name the 2 methods of cracking

Steam cracking and Catalytic cracking

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What happens during catalytic cracking?

Long-chain hydrocarbon is vapourised. This is then passed over hot, powdered catalyst (aluminium oxide)

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What happens during steam cracking?

The long-chain hydrocarbon is first vapourised; this vapour is then mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature

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What are the 2 main products from cracking?

Shorter chain alkanes and alkenes

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A long chain alkane, C12H26, undergoes a cracking reaction to form C9H20 and an alkene. Give the equation for the reaction

C12H26 ---> C9H20 + C3H6

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How do you can you identify alkenes?

Add bromine water. If alkene present, a reaction occurs so colour change orange--> colourless is seen.

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What are alkenes used for?

Making polymers and the starting material for making other chemicals

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7.2.1.-STRUCTURE AND FORMULA OF ALKENES

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What are alkenes?

Hydrocarbons with a carbon-carbon double bond

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What is the generla formula for alkenes?

CnH2n

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Why are alkenes said to be unsaturated?

They contain 2 fewer H atoms than the alkane with the same number of C atoms

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Name the first four alkenes

Ethene, Propene, Butene and Pentene

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7.7.2- REACTIONS OF ALKENES

4.7.2- REACTIONS OF ALKENES

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What is the functional group in alkenes?

The C=C bond

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What is a functional group?

A group of atoms that determines how a compound typically reactions

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What differs about the combustion of alkenes in comparison to that of alkanes?

Alkenes must be burnt in large amounts of pure oxygen to undergo complete combustion.

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What is formed if alkenes undergo incomplete combustion?

Carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide and carbon

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How can you tell incomplete combustion is occuring from observation?

Smoky yellow flame

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What is the name of reactions alkenes mainly undergo?

Addition reactions

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What happens during these reactions?

The C=C bond opens up leaving a C-C and the chance for a new atom to bond to each carbon

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What is formed during the hydrogenation of alkenes?

Alkenes --> Alkanes

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What reactants and conditions are used for hydrogenation?

Reactants= Hydrogen Conditions= Catalyst

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What is formed when water is added to alkenes?

Alkenes--> Alcohols

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What conditions are needed for this reaction?

Conditions= water needs to be steam and a catalyst

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What is formed when halogens are added to alkenes?

Alkenes --> Dihaloalkanes

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7.2.3. ALCOHOLS

7.2.3.- ALCOHOLS

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What is the functional group in alcohols?

-OH

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Name the first four alcohols in the homologous series

Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol

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Give the structural formula of ethanol

C2H5OH

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Give the structural formula of butanol

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

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How can aqueous solutions of ethanol be produced?

By fermenting sugar using yeast

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Give 2 conditions used in the fermentation of yeast

1. Temps about 37 2. Slight acidic

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What is formed when alcohols burn in air?

If combustion is complete, WATER and CARBON DIOXIDE are the only prodcuts.

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Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethanol in air

C2H5OH + 3O2 --> 2CO2 + 3H2O

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What do alcohols do when mixed with water?

They all dissolve completely to form neutral solutions

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What are the products when alcohols react with sodium metal?

Alkoxide and Hydrogen

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What is formed when alcohols react with an oxidising agent?

Carboxylic acids

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Give 2 main uses of alcohols

1. As solvents 2. As fuels

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7.7.4. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

4.7.4. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

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What is the functional group in carboxylic acids?

-COOH

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Name the first four carboxylic acids in the homologous series

Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Propanoic acid, Butanoic acid

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Write the structural formula of ethanoic acid

CH3COOH

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What is this compound HCOOH?

Methanoic acid

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Write the structrual formula of butanoic acid

CH3CH2CH2COOH

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*Draw the displayed formula of propanoic acid

*Displayed formula

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What happens when carboxylic acids are placed in water?

They dissolve in water; partially ionising making the solution slightly acidic (high pH i.e 4/5/6)

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What are the products of carboxylic acid + carbonate

1. Metal salt 2. Water 3. Carbon dioxide

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What are the products of carboxylic acid + alcohol?

1. Ester 2. Water

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What is the name of the product when ethanoic acid + ethanol react?

Ethyl ethanoate

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7.3.1. ADDITION POLYMERISATION

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What happens during addition polymerisation?

Many small alkene molecules (monomers) join together to form very large molecules (polymers)

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What happens to the C=C bond during addition polymerisation?

The C=C bond opens up allowing the original alkene to join to other molecules (of the same type in addition polymerisation)

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How do you recognise addition polymerisation?

Repeated four groups arranged round a main chain containing two C atoms

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Draw the monmer that makes up polyethene

*Molecule of ethene

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Draw the repeating unit in polypropene

*Molecule of propene; double bond opened up with single bonds extending beyond brackets and n at the side

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7.3.2. CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION

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What does condensation polymerisation involve?

The joining together of monomers which contain two functional groups to form a polymer and a small molecule.

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What is the simplest type of condensation polymers?

Two different monomers that each have two of the same functional group i.e. diols and dicarboxylic acids

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What is formed when diols and dicarboxylic acids react?

Polyesters

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What is the name of the linkage formed in polyesters?

Ester linkage -COO-

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*Represent the reaction between ethanediol and hexandioc acid

* Ethanediol = OH-CH2-CH2-OH and Hexandioc acid= HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH (alcohol loses H and acid loses OH forming a molecule of water)

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Give (and explain) 3 differences between addition and condensation polymerisation

1. No of types of monomer 2. No of products 3. No of functional groups involved

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7.3.3 AMINO ACIDS

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What are the two different functional groups in amino acids?

-NH2 (amino group) and -COOH (carboxyl group)

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*Draw the general representation of an amino acid

*Attached to a central C atom -NH2, -H, R group and -COOH

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What do they form when they react together and what is this an example of?

Form polypeptides; this is an e.g. of a condensation reaction

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*Use glycine as a visual example to show the condensation reaction

*Using glycine (two H groups). NH2 loses 1 H and COOH loses OH plus molecule of water

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How are proteins formed?

Proteins are formed from one or more polypeptide chain joined together.

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7.3.4. DNA and other naturally occuring polymers

7.3.4 DNA and other naturally occuring polymers

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What does DNA strand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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What is the function of DNA?

It encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses

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What is DNA made from?

Two polymer chains formed from the monomers called nucleotides (bases). These join to form a double helix structure.

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What is the monomer unit in proteins?

Amino acids

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What is the monomer unit that makes up starch and cellulose?

Glucose

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Unit 7- Organic Chemistry

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