Unit 5

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What is the word equation for respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
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How is energy released from the ATP molecules?
Hydrolysis
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What is the product of hydrolysed ATP?
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
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What are the four stages in aerobic respiration?
1. Glycolysis, 2. Link Reaction, 3. Krebs Cycle, 4. Electron Transfer Chain
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How many ATP molecules are produced in one cell (in total) through aerobic respiration?
38
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Where does Glycolysis happen?
In the cytoplasm
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What is the first stage of Glycolysis?
Glucose molecules react with ATP to form Glucose-Phosphate. This happens again, and glucose then becomes Phosphorelated.
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After reacting with glucose and 'giving up' a phosphate group, ATP becomes...?
ADP
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What is the second stage of Glycolysis?
The phosphorelated glucose molecules are then split by enzymes in the cytoplasm, into Triose-Phosphate molecules (2TP for 1G).
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What is the third stage of Glycolysis?
The Triose-Phosphate molecules then release 2ATP and 2H+ and form Pyruvate.
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What do the H+ ions make the cytoplasm?
More acidic.
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NAD molecules do what?
The NAD molecules 'pick up' the H+ ions and become Reduced NAD.
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How much oxygen is used in Glycolysis?
None
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How many ATP molecules are made in total in Glycolysis?
Two
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What is the next stage of respiration?
The Link Reaction
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What is the first stage of the Link Reaction?
Pyruvate enters the mitochondia through active transport.
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What is the second stage of the Link Reaction?
Enzymes in the mitochonria convert pyruvate into CO2 (which is then released into the blood) 2H+ (which are then 'picked up' by NAD molecules) and Acetyl Coenzyme A.
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How many ATP molecules are formed in the Link Reaction?
None
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What is the next stage in respiration?
The Krebs Reaction
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What is the first stage in the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl Coenzyme A combines with a 4 Carbon Compound in order to form a 6 Carbon Compound.
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What is the second stage of the Krebs Cycle?
The 6 Carbon Compound then releases 2H+ (NAD 'picks up' the H+ and forms Reduced NAD) and CO2 (released into the blood) and forms a 5 Carbon Compound. This then occurs again to form a 4 Carbon Compound.
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When the 4 Carbon Compound splits, what molecules 'pick up' the H+ ions?
FAD molecules
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When FAD molecules pick up H+ ions, what do they form?
Reduced FAD molecules.
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How many times does the 4 Carbon Compound split?
Two times to form two more 4 Carbon Compounds.
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How many ATP molecules are formed in the Krebs Cycle?
Two
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What is the next and last stage in respiration?
The Electron Transfer Chain
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What is the first stage of the Electron Transfer Chain?
Reduced NADs and FADs (from the first three stages of respiration) enter the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
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What is the second stage in the Electron Transfer Chain?
The reduced NADs and FADs become NADs and FADs when they 'give' their H+ ions to the electron transfer chain.
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After releasing the H+ ions, the NADs and FADs...?
Return to the previous stages of respiration (Glycolysis, The Link Reaction, The Krebs Cycle).
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What is the third stage of the Electron Transfer Chain?
The hydrogen carrier protein splits the H+ ions into electrons and protons (H+).
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What is the fourth stage of The Electron Transfer Chain?
The electrons released from the H+ ions are moved down the electron transfer chain in a series of redox reactions, which generate ATP molecules.
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At the end of the elctron transfer chain, what atom picks up the electrons and is known as the last electron receptor?
Oxygen
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What molecule is formed when the oxygen picks up the electrons from the transfer chain and protons?
Water (H2O)
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What is building up between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria?
Protons (H+)
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What is caused by this build up of protons?
A concentration gradient, which the H+ protons move down into the matrix of the mitochondria, through protein channels which contain ATP synthase.
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How many H+ ions does it take to form an ATP molecule in the specialised protein channel?
Three H+ ions.
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How many ATP molecules are formed in the Electron Transfer Chain?
34
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What products are formed in anaerobic respiration?
Lactate and Ethanol + CO2
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The main purpose of anaeobic respiration is...?
To convert Reduced NADs into NADs, so that small amounts of ATP can be produced in glycolysis.
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What are the six main structural features of a chloroplast?
1. The Outer Membrane, 2. The Inner Membrane, 3. The Stroma, 4. The Thylakoids, 5. The Granum, 6. The Lamella
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What is the first stage of photosynthesis called?
The Light Dependent Reaction
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What is the second stage of photosynthesis called?
The Light Independent Reaction
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Where does the first stage of the Light Dependent Reaction (LDR) happen?
In Photosystem Two
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What happens in the first stage of the Light Depenedent Reaction?
Light energy from the sun is absorbed by the chlorophyll a pigments, which (when enough energy is absorbed) releases electrons.
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The electrons from the chlorophyll a pigments are...?
Elevated to a higher energy level.
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Once the electrons have been elevated to a higher energy level, they move through the...?
Electron Transfer Chain
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The electrons move through the electron transfer chain into...?
Photosystem One
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In photosystem one, the electrons are...?
Elevated to a higher energy level.
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What other process occurs in photosystem two?
Photolysis
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What happens in photolysis?
An enzyme splits water molecules using light, into protons, electrons and oxygen.
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What is the symbol equation for photolysis?
2H₂O -> 4H+ & 4e⁻ & O₂
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The protons from photolysis are pumped through the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid space through...?
Active Transport
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As they move through the proton pumps, the protons gain energy from...?
Electrons in the electron transfer chain between photosystems two and one.
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The resultant protons from photolysis build up in the [...] and create a [...]?
Thylakoid Space and an electrochemical gradient.
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The protons move down the electrochemical gradient to proton pumps through...?
Chemiosmosis
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The protons move down the electrochemical gradient to the proton protein carriers, which they then move through via...?
Diffusion
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What enzyme does the proton carrier protein contain?
ATP Synthase
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As the protons move through the proton carrier protein, they...?
Loose the energy they gained from the electrons in the proton pump/electron transfer chain.
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The energy lost by the protons in the proton carrier protein is then used by [...] to [...].
ATP Synthase to synthesis ATP from ADP +Pi.
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The entire process of producing ATP using electrons in chlorophyll is called...?
Photophosphorylation
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The electrons produced in photolysis are then picked up by...?
NADP
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The combination of NADP and electrons from photolysis leads to the production of...?
Reduced NADP.
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Reduced NADP is used in...?
The Light Independent Reaction / The Calvin Cycle
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Where, in the chloroplast, does the Light Independent Reaction (LIR) or Calvin Cycle occur?
In the stroma
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What does the stroma contain high concentrations of?
Substrate, enzymes, DNA and ribosomes
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How many carbon molecules must be maintained throughout the cycle?
18
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What happens in the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?
3CO₂ molecules bond with the Rubisco enzyme and RuBP substrate complex.
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The bonding of the 3CO₂ molecules and he Rubisco enzyme and RuBP substrate complex leads to the production of three...?
Highly unstable 6 carbon molecules.
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These 6 carbon molecules are called...?
Intermediaries
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What is the next stage of the Calvin Cycle?
Breakdown
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What do the intermediaries break down into?
Glycerate Triphosphate molecules (GP molecules).
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What is the next stage of the Calvin Cycle?
Reduction
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What happens in Reduction?
6 ATP Molecules and 6 Reduced NADP molecules (from the LDR) convert into (Hydrolysis) 6 ADP + Pi and (Oxidation) 6 NADP.
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What does the hydrolysis of ATP and oxidation of Reduced NADP allow to happen?
It provides the energy for the conversion of GP to TP.
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What happens to the ADP + Pi and NADP molecules after their use in the Calvin Cycle.
They go back to the Light Dependent Reaction.
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What is GP broken down into?
Three carbon carbohydrates, called Triosephosphates (TP).
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How many GP molecules are produced?
6
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How many TP molecules are produced?
6
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What happens to the newly formed TP molecules?
One molecule goes off to produce sucrose and other biological/organic molecules.
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What is the next stage of the Calvin Cycle?
Regeneration
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What happens in Regeneration?
3 ATP molecules are hydrolysed into 3 ADP + Pi, in order to provide the energy needed to convert TP into RuBP.
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What is RuBP?
A five carbon molecule, called Ribulose Biphosphate.
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How many RuBP molecules are formed?
3
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The RuBP molecule forms an [...] with [...].
Enzyme-substrate complex, with Rubisco Enzyme.
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What factors affect photosynthesis/the rate of photosynthesis?
1. Light intensity, 2. Temperature, 3. Concentration of CO₂
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What is an autotroph?
A producer
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What is a Heterotroph
A consumer
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What is a producer?
An organism which takes energy from the environment to produce organic substances from inorganic substances.
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What is a consumer?
Organisms which eat producers.
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What are Secondary Consumers?
Organisms which eat primary consumers.
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What are Tertiary Consumers?
Organisms which eat secondary consumers.
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What are Saprobionts?
Decomposers which digest their food externally using enzymes and then reabsorb it.
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What is a Food Chain?
A series of organisms which energy is transferred along, in the form of food.
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What is a Food Web?
Many interconnected food chains.
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What is a trophic level?
A step in a food chain, where organisms feed.
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What is biomass?
The total mass of all living material in a specific area at a given time (the amount of carbon).
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What is the Net Primary Productivity (NPP)?
Net gain of dry mass stored in a plant after it has used some material in its own respiration.
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What is the equation for NPP?
N = I - (FR) [N= NPP], [I= chemical energy stored in food], [F= Energy lost in excretory products], [R= Energy lost in respiration].
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What is Gross Primary Productivity?
The rate at which a plant produces organic materials through photosynthesis.
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What is the definition of Energy Efficiency?
The amount (in a percentage) of energy which is stored from the original input energy, and not lost.
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What is the equation to calculate energy efficiency?
(Energy available after energy transfer)/(Energy available before energy transfer) ×100
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What is an Ecosystem?
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
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What is a Community?
All of the different species living and interacting together in one habitat.
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How do you measure dry biomass?
By repeatedly heating the sample and weighing it, until the weight becomes constant. (The sample must be dead.)
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How much energy is fixed in plants as biomass?
1 - 3%
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How much energy do primary consumers store as biomass?
Around 10%.
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How much energy do secondary/tertiary consumers store as biomass?
Around 20%.
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What are the four main reasons that energy is lost in a food chain?
1. Some material is not eaten. 2. Some material is eaten but not digested. 3. Some energy is lost in excretory materials. 4. Some energy is lost to biological processes (i.e. Respiration).
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What are the five main stages in the nitrogen cycle?
1. Nitrogen fixation/Ammonification, 2. Nitrification, 3. Assimilation, Reabsorption of nitrogen in soil/ Dentrification, 5. Nitrogen reabsorbed into atmosphere.
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What happens in Nitrogen Fixation/Ammonification?
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules fix nitrogen to nitrates/ammonia. Nitrogen fixing bacteria also convert nitrogen to ammonia/ammonium.
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What is the name of a nitrogen fixing bacteria?
Rhizobium
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What happens in Nitrification?
Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia/ammonium into Nitrates and Nitrites through oxidation.
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What happens in Assimilation?
Plants absorb the nitrates/nitrites in the soil.
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What happens when nitrogen is reabsorbed?
A consumer eats the plant (which absorbed nitrates/nitrites through assimilation), excretes and eventually dies. Saprobionts (i.e. Mycorrhizae) digest the excrement and consumer. The excrement (nitrates) from the saprobionts then returns to the soil.
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What happens in denitrification?
Dentrifying bacteria produce nitrogen gas through using nitrates (rather than oxygen) as electron receptors. This reduces the amount of nitrates in the soil.
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When (in what conditions) does denitrification occur?
In anaerobic conditions.
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What is the last stage of the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen is reabsorbed into the atmosphere.
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What are the five main stages in the Phosphorous Cycle?
1. Saprobiotic Decay, 2. Release/Excretion of ions/phosphate ions, 3. Phosphate ions absorbed by plants/washed away, 4. Phosphate sediments settle on sea floor, 5. Phosphate returned to atmosphere by geological events.
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How is energy released from the ATP molecules?

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Hydrolysis

Card 3

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What is the product of hydrolysed ATP?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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What are the four stages in aerobic respiration?

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Card 5

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How many ATP molecules are produced in one cell (in total) through aerobic respiration?

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