Unit 3 - Infection and Response

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What are pathogens?
Pathogens are micro-organisms that enter the body and cause disease.
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What is Bacteria?
Bacteria are very small living cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body.
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How do Bacteria make you feel ill?
Bacteria produces toxins that damage you cells and tissues.
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What are Viruses?
Viruses are not cells, they're tiny. Like bacteria, they reproduce rapidly inside your body.
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How do Viruses make you feel ill?
They live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells' machinery to produce many copies of themselves. The cell will usually then burst, releasing all the new viruses.
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What are Protists?
Protists are single-celled eukaryotes. There are lots of different types of protists.
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Describe Parasites.
Parasites are an example of a protist. Parasite live on or inside other organisms can cause them damage. They are often transferred to the organism by the vector, which doesn't get the disease itself.
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Describe Fungi.
Some fungi are single-celled. Others have a body which is made up of hyphae. These can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases. Also can produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals.
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Name the three main ways pathogens can be spread.
Water, Air and Direct Contact
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Explain how pathogens spread via Water.
Some pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water. For example, Cholera is a bacterial infection that's spread by drinking water contaminated with the diarrhoea of other sufferers.
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Explain how pathogens spread via Air.
Pathogens can be carried in the air and can be breathed in. Some airborne pathogens are carried in the air in droplets produced when you sneeze or cough. For example, the influenza virus that causes flu is spread this way.
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Explain how pathogens spread through Direct Contact.
Pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including the skin. For example, athlete's foot is fungus which makes skin itch and flake off. It's most commonly spread by touching the same thing as an infected person.
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Name three Viral diseases.
Measels, HIV and Tobacco Mosiac Virus.
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Describe Measels.
Measels is spread by droplets of an infected person's sneeze or cough. People with Measels develop a red skin rash and show signs of a fever. It can be fatal if there are complications and most people are vaccinated when they're young.
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Describe HIV.
HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids. It initially causes flu-like symptoms for a few weeks. The virus attacks the immune cells and if the body's immune system is badly damaged, it can't cope with other infections or cancers.
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Describe Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Is a virus that affects many species of plants like tomatoes. It causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plant (becomes discoloured). This discolouration means that the plant can't carry out photosynthesis as well (affect growth).
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Give an example of a fungal disease.
Rose Black Spot.
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Describe Rose Black Spot.
It's a fungus that cause purple or black spots to develop on the leaves and can cause them to turn yellow and drop off. It spreads through the environment in water or by the wind.
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How can Rose Black Spot be treated?
Gardeners can treat the disease by using fungicides and by ********* the plant of it's affected leaves. These leaves need to be destroyed so that the fungus can't spread to other rose plants.
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State two Bacterial diseases.
Salmonella and Gonorrhea.
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Describe Salmonella.
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning. Infected people can suffer from fevers, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.
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Describe Gonorrhea.
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease which are passed on by sexual contact with an infected person. Symptoms of this include pain when urinating and thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.
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How can the spread if disease be reduced or prevented?
Being hygienic, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals and vaccination.
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How does being hygienic help reduce or prevent disease?
Using simple hygiene methods such as washing your hands can prevent the spread of disease because it can get rid of pathogens.
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Explain why destroying vectors can reduce or prevent disease?
By getting rid of the organisms that spread disease, you can prevent the disease from being passed on. Vectors that are insects can be killed using insecticides or destroying their habitat so that they can no longer breed.
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How does isolating infected individuals help prevent or reduce disease?
If you isolate someone who has a communicable disease it prevents them from passing it on to anyone else.
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Explain why vaccinating people can reduce or prevent disease?
Vaccinating people and animals against a communicable disease means that they can't develop the infection and the pass it on to someone else.
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What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread from person to person.
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What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that can't be spread but can be inherited.
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How does the skin act as a defence mechanism?
It is a layer of dead cells which acts as a barrier to pathogens. It also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens.
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How does hair and mucus act as a defence mechanism?
They trap particles that could contain pathogens. Mucus is secreted by the trachea and bronchi.
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How does the stomach act as a defence mechanism?
The stomach produces hydrochloric which kills pathogens that make it this far.
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In which three ways does our Immune System help destroy pathogens?
Phagocytosis, Producing Antibodies and Producing Antitoxins.
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Describe Phagocytosis.
White Blood Cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them.
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Describe Producing Anitbodies.
When some types of white blood cell come across a foreign antigen they will start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.
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Describe Producing Antitoxins.
White Blood Cells produce antitoxins which counteract the toxins released by the pathogens.
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Explain what a vaccination is.
A vaccination involves injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens. These carry antigens which cause your body to produce antibodies to destroy them even though the pathogen is harmless.
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Give some advantages of vaccines.
Vaccines help prevent epidemics of a new communicable disease. Also they have helped control lots of diseases that were once common.
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Give some disadvantages of vaccines.
Vaccines don't always work and you can sometime have a bad reaction to them however these are very rare.
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What are painkillers?
Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain however they don't kill pathogens or tackle the cause of the disease.
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What are antibiotics?
They kill or prevent the growth of the bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells.
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Why don't antibiotics treat viruses?
Viruses reproduce inside your cells which makes it very difficult to destroy the virus without killing your own cells.
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Where does the heart drug Digitalis come from?
Foxgloves.
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Where does aspirin come from?
Willow Bark.
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What are Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria?
Bacteria that has mutated to become resistant to antibiotics.
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Describe Penicillin.
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming. He discovered that the mould produces a substance that killed the bacteria.
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What happens during preclinical testing?
Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. The next step is to test the drug on live animals which is to test efficacy, toxicity and dosage.
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What happens during clinical testing?
First the drug is tested on healthy human volunteers to make sure it doesn't have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally. Then if the result are good then it is tested on people suffering from the illness
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What is a placebo?
A placebo is a fake drug that has no biological effect.
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What is a blind trial?
A blind trial is where the volunteer doesn't know whether the drug is real or a placebo.
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What is a double blind trial?
A double blind trial is where the medical supervisor and the volunteer don't know whether the drug is real of a placebo.
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Card 2

Front

What is Bacteria?

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Bacteria are very small living cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body.

Card 3

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How do Bacteria make you feel ill?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are Viruses?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How do Viruses make you feel ill?

Back

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