Unit 3: Anatomy & Physiology

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Cell
The basic unit of living material
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Tissues
Groups of cells joined together to carry out a particular task
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Organ
A collection of tissues joined together to carry out a specific function
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Electron Microscope
A very powerful type of microscope, needed to see inside cells
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Photomicrograph
A photograph taken of an object magnified using a microscope
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Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in human physiology that involves using or releasing energy from chemical substances
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Chromatin network
The dark tangled mass seen in the nucleus of a resting cell
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleic acid found in both the cell and nucleus, responsible for the manufacture of cell proteins such as pigments, enzymes and hormones
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Chromosomes
Long threads of DNA and protein seen in a dividing cell, which contain the genetic material, or genes, responsible for transmitting inherited characteristics
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Nucleic acid found only in the chromatin network and chromosomes of the nucleus, which is responsible for the control of the cell, and passing on of inherited characteristics
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Mitochondria
Spherical or rod-shaped bodies scattered in the cytoplasm, concerned with energy release
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Cristae
Folds of the inner layer of mitochondrial membrane on which the enzymes responsible for the oxidation of glucose are situated
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
A chemical in mitochondria capable of trapping and storing energy, to supply the cell when needed
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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
A chemical left after ATP has released its stored energy to do work
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Diffusion
The passage of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
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Osmosis
The passage of water molecules from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane
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Arterial blood
Flows from the heart and is usually bright red oxygenated blood
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Venous blood
Flows towards the heart and is usually dark red oxygenated blood
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Collagen
Structural protein in the form of fibres for extra strengths
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Antagonistic muscles
One muscle, or a sheet of muscles, contracts while the opposing muscle or sheet relaxes
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Gene
Unit of heredity on a pair of chromosomes
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Allele
Half a gene, or the location of a characteristic on one chromosome
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Homozygous
Having two dominant or recessive alleles
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Heterozygous
Having one dominant and one recessive allele
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Dominant
The allele that, when present, displays in the individual
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Recessive
An allele that does not show when a dominant allele is present
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Punnett square
A diagram, named after Reginald C. Punnett, used to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype
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Phenotype
The outward display of a characteristic that is observable
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Genotype
An individual's genes, which are not outwardly observable, or the identification of alleles an individual inherits for a gene
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Gamete
Reproductive or sex cells, each cell is haploid and carries only one copy of each chromosome
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Zygote
Cell produced when a sperm fertilises an ovum, it contains all the genetic material for a new individual - half from the sperm and half from the ovum
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Denature
Permanent change to the active site of an enzyme. Enzyme functioning is affected by pH and temperature
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Hypothalamus
An important part of the brain lying in the centre of the base of the brain just above the pituitary gland. It controls heart rate, body temperature and breathing rate by autonomic nerves
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Hyperthermia
A body temperature above the normal range, similar to fever. The heat-losing processes are unable to work properly.
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Hypothermia
A body temperature lower than the normal range when heat-conserving processes are unable to cope. Tends to occur in older people and infants as their nervous systems are weak
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Islets of Langerhans
Small groups of special hormone-secreting cells scattered throughout the pancreas
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Pancreas
Lead-shaped gland under the stomach, which secretes digestive juices into the small intestine and two hormones, insulin and glucagon, directly into the bloodstream
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Glycogen
Stored form of glucose found in liver and muscles
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Pulmonary circulation
Blood circulation to and from the lungs
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Systemic circulation
Blood circulation around the body
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Tendinous cords
Fibrous cords that attach the papillary muscle to the atrioventricular valves, preventing backflow of blood during the cardiac cycle
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Systole
Time in heartbeat when cardiac muscle contracts
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Diastole
Time in heartbeat when the cardiac muscle relaxes
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Cardiac output
The quantity of blood expelled from the heart in one minute, usually expressed in millilitres per minute
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Stroke volume
The quantity of blood expelled from the left ventricle in one contraction, usually expressed in millilitres
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Heart rate
The number of heartbeats in one minute
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Sympathtic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that acts in opposition to parasympathetic nervous system, by speeding up the heart rate and causing blood vessels to contract, particularly in times of stress (fight or flight mechanism)
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The most active part of the autonomic nervous system, which conserves energy by slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal and gland activity, relaxing sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract
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Atheroma
Weakening of the blood vessel by the deposits of fatty plaques, usually leading to thrombosis
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Thrombosis
Clotting in part of the circulatory system, such as in the coronary arteries: coronary thrombosis
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Sclerosis
Hardening of tissue
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Surface tension
A thin elastic skin of liquid that allows it to resist an external force
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Agonist/prime mover
The main contracting muscle in a movement
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Antagonist
The muscle opposite to the agonist, it relaxes to allow the agonist to move the bone
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Fixator
A muscle that holds surrounding bones and joints steady to form a stable base for the movement
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Synergist
A muscle that cooperates in a movement but is not the agonist, it also stabilises the movement. Synergist comes from synergy, 'working together'
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Enzyme
Biological catalyst that alters the rates of a chemical reaction but which is itself unchanged at the end of the reaction
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Peristalsis
Muscular contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscle in the gut wall which pushes food along the alimentary canal
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Digestion
Conversion of food into simple, soluble chemicals capable of being absorbed through the intestinal lining into the blood to be used by body cells
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Ingestion
Taking in food, drink and drugs by the mouth
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Absorption
Taking up substance to be used by the body cells and tissues
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Egestion
Process involved in eliminating waste material from the body as faeces
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Nerve
Bundles of nerve fibres travelling together and wrapped in connective tissue
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Nerve impulse
Wave of electrical discharge passing along a nerve fibre
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Motor neuron
Nerve cell carrying information from the CNS, associated with muscles or glands known as effectors
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Sensory neuron
Nerve cell associated with specialist receptors carrying information into the CNS
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Schwann cell
Manufactures myelin, wraps spirally around a nerve fibre
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Node of Raniver
Tiny space between 2 Schwann cells that allows the nerve impulse to jump to the next node
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Synapse
Small gap between one neuron and the next
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Neurotransmitter
Chemical substance, such as acetylcholine, which when secreted into a synapse allows the impulse to move across to the next neuron
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Antigen
Protein found on the micro-organisms, specific to that organism
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Antibody
Large protein that recognises antigens and helps remove them. Different antibodies recognise specific antigens
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Macrophage
Large white blood cell that engulfs and destroys invading micro-organisms, such as bacteria in the process of phagocytosis
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Immunity
Having adequate body defences to fight infection and disease
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Sphincter muscle
Circular muscle controlling an aperture (opening). When the muscle contracts the aperture closes and when it relaxes the aperture reopens
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Diploid
Cell that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent
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Haploid
Cell with half the usual number of chromosomes, such as a sperm or an ovum
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Trimester
A period of 3 months. In pregnancy the first trimester is to 12 weeks, the second from week 13 to 27 and the third trimester from week 28 until birth
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Placenta
A disc like structure attached to the uterine wall and linked to the foetus by the umbilical cord
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Quickening
When a pregnant woman first feels the foetus move
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Meiosis
Special kind of cell division that only happens in the ovaries and testes in which the genetic material is duplicated and then divided into 4 daughter cells, each containing just half of the genetic material
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Mitosis
Process in which body cells divide into 2 daughter cells, each identical to the original and containing all the genetic material
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Placebo
Chemically inactive substance used in a clinical trial that resembles, and is taken in the same way as, an effective drug but has no effect in the body
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Variable
Something that changes or is not consistent. In a clinical trial this will include factors such as age, sex and ethnicitiy
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Groups of cells joined together to carry out a particular task

Back

Tissues

Card 3

Front

A collection of tissues joined together to carry out a specific function

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A very powerful type of microscope, needed to see inside cells

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A photograph taken of an object magnified using a microscope

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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