UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY LEARNING

A quiz on everything in the learning approach of edexcel A-level psychology

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what is Pavlov's aim?
find out if a reflexive behavior can be produced in new situations through learning and see if association of a reflex with a neutral stimulus can produce a conditional reflex
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what is Pavlov's IV
whether dogs are conditioned or not
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what style of experiment did Pavlov do?
repeated measures
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what was the DV in Pavlov's study?
how many drops of saliva the dogs produced
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how large was Pavlov's sample of dogs?
35
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were Pavlov's dogs the same breed?
no
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how did Pavlov keep the dogs in the procedure?
sealed in a room, not allowed to see, smell or hear stimuli
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how did Pavlov measure the saliva?
dog strapped into harness to stop movement, mouth linked to tube draining saliva into measuring bottle
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what neutral stimuli did Pavlov use?
metronome and electric buzzer
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what control did Pavlov do?
present dog with food, salivated. present dog with neutral stimuli, did not salivate
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how did Pavlov condition the dogs?
paired sound and presentation of food approx 20 times
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what did Pavlov do to test if he had conditioned the dogs?
present them with sound but no food and see if they salivate
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what were Pavlov's results?
conditioned dog salivates 9 seconds after hearing sound, by 45 seconds has 11 saliva drops
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what were Pavlov's conclusions?
discovered classical conditioning and create conditioned stimulus to give conditioned response
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evaluate ethics of Pavlov
unethical as animals not humanely treated, but there were no ethical guidelines at time of study, and his research benefits animals
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evaluate reliability of Pavlov
controlled setting makes it objective and credible as no other stimuli made dogs salivate, low ecological validity
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how generalizable is Pavlov?
evolution says we can generalize from dogs but humans are more complex
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how reliable is Pavlov?
standard procedures and carefully documented, repetition over 25 years with different stimuli, also has inter rater reliability as others observed and measured saliva
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define operant conditioning
type of learning where behavior is determined by consequences of past behavior
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define reinforcement
consequences that strengthen a behavior and make it likely to be repeated
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define punishment
consequences that weaken a behavior and make it less likely to be repeated
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define shaping
a process used to teach complex behaviors. behavior is broken down into simple behaviors and taught one by one using reinforcement and punishment
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define stimulus control
process by which a person or animal learns behavior only brings reinforcement in particular conditions
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what year was Pavlov's study in?
1927
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what is the contemporary study for learning psychology?
Becker
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what is the classic study for learning psychology?
Watson and Rayner
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what year was Becker's study?
2002
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where did Becker do her study?
Fiji
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why did Becker pick Fiji to do her study?
distinctive culture where larger body types are preferred, slim women considered weak and western TV had not been introduced
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what was Becker's aim?
find out if introduction of Western TV increase symptoms of eating disorder, specifically if more young women report purging, dieting, body dissatisfaction after TV introduced
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what is the IV in Becker's study?
length of time of introduction of Western TV
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what is the DV in Becker's study?
scores from EAT 26 questionnaire and qualitative data
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what does a score over 20 on EAT 26 mean?
indicates eating disorder
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what experimental style did Becker use?
independent groups
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what qualitative data did Becker gather?
information about girls' self image and attitudes to body image, beauty and diet
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how did Becker get her qualitative data?
semi-structured interview
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what was Becker's sample?
2 groups of school girls aged 17, 63 ppts in 1995, 65 ppts in 1998
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what was Becker's procedure?
complete EAT 26 and semi-structured interview, answer questions about TV in home, measure height and weight
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what did Becker do to reduce cultural misunderstandings?
had a translator present when interviewing the girls
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what happened to the 1998 group only in Becker's study?
asked more detailed questions
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what questions did Becker ask the 1998 group only?
have you ever tried to change your diet in order to change your weight / do your parents or family ever say you should eat more / how important is it that you like your weight
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what happened to the girls in 1998 who got more than 20 on EAT 26 in Becker's study?
interviewed about eating behavior and attitude, TV viewing habits and opinions on American Tv
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how many girls got more than 20 on EAT 26 in Becker's study?
30
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what happened to Becker's interviews?
recorded and transcribed
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what did the girls in Becker's study say about the TV characters?
I want their body, I want their size
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what were Becker's conclusions?
the girls felt pressure to imitate slim models and actors, they did not understand the unreal nature of media images, and TV gave them an interest of dieting
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what did Becker say about the conclusions of her study?
one could speculate that in the 20th century, TV is another pathogen exporting western images and values
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evaluate generalizability of Becker
Fiji's strong culture of eating may not generalize to others, but a large sample can average out anomalies, but it was still a too small sample to draw conclusions about the whole of Fiji from
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evaluate reliability of Becker
EAT 26 used for both - standard procedure, interviews tape recorded and transcribed - inter rater reliability
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what are applications of Becker?
mental health development, and educate women about the unreal nature of the bodies of people on TV
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evaluate ethics of Becker
not specialists so couldn't diagnose E.D. and would have to break confidentiality if one girl did have an E.D
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define a conditioned response
a behavior that occurs when a particular trigger with which it has been repeatedly paired with is present
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define extinction
disappearance of a response when conditioned stimulus is repeated many times without the unconditioned stimulus
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define unconditioned stimulus
a trigger for a behavior that naturally produced a response
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define spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a previously lost conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is later re-introduced
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define conditioned stimulus
a trigger for a behavior that produces a response only after repeated pairing with another stimulus
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define unconditioned reponse
a behavior such as a reflex which naturally occurs when a particular trigger is present
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what is classical conditioning?
building up an association between 2 stimuli
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what is positive punishment?
adding something unpleasant to make a behavior less likely to be repeated
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what is negative punishment?
taking away something nice to make a behavior less likely to be repeated
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in what year did Watson and Rayner complete their study?
1920
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what was the aim of Watson and Rayner's study?
to see if classical conditioning works on humans and see if a fear response can be generalised
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what is the IV of Watson and Rayner's study?
whether conditioned or not, also if presented with white rat compared to other white fluffy objects
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what style of experiment did Watson and Rayner use?
repeated measures
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what is the DV of Watson and Rayner's study?
the number of fearful behaviors displayed by Albert (subjective)
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what was Watson and Rayner's sample?
1 baby aged 9 months at start of study and 11 months when conditioning began
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why was baby Albert selected in the Watson and Rayner study?
he was healthy and fearless, described as stolid and unemotional
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what happened when Albert was 9 months old in Watson and Rayner's study?
he was tested with a rat, rabbit and cotton, all were neutral stimuli, and a fear response was tested by banging an iron bar (Albert cried)
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why did Watson and Rayner hide when they banged the iron bar?
so that Albert did not associate Watson with fear
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what happened when Albert was 11 months old in the Watson and Rayner study?
he was conditioned, shown a rat x3 with the banging bar for 2 weeks (mother present at all times)
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what are the results of Watson and Rayner's study?
Albert was presented with the rat alone and whimpered, when it was paired with the noise two more times and then presented alone, Albert cried
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what generalisation happened in the Watson and Rayner study?
Albert showed fear at cotton wool, rabbits and dogs, even in a different room with 4 others
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what did Albert do when tested 1 month after conditioning stopped in the Watson and Rayner study?
same reactions as before (cry) but less intense
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what are the conclusions from the Watson and Rayner study?
successfully condition fear and generalization into Albert
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how long did conditioning last for in the Watson and Rayner study?
1 month
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how long did Watson think the fear response would last in the Watson and Rayner study?
a lifetime
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what did Watson intend to do after conditioning in the Watson and Rayner study?
reverse Albert's conditioning
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why didn't Watson reverse Albert's conditioning in the Watson and Rayner study?
Alberts mother moved away
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evaluate generalisability of Watson and Rayner
single child is unrepresentative, but Albert was selected for his normalcy
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how does Albert's identity impact the generalisability of the Watson and Rayner study?
if he is Meritte then he had hydrocephalus and died age 6, he was never normal and we cannot generalize from this. if he is Albert Barger then he is healthy and lived until 87 and had a lifelong dislike of dogs so we can generalize from this
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evaluate reliability of Watson and Rayner's study
was filmed so is objective, when moved room to lecture theater 4 others present (inter rater reliability) standard procedures and carefully documented therefore replicable
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evaluate validity of Watson and Rayner's study
low ecological validity and setting may make Albert nervous
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evaluate ethics of Watson and Rayner's study
unethical as caused distress to infant and did not stop, but Albert would go to nursery which would give same distress so not unordinary
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what year did Skinner do his pigeons study?
1948
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how many pigeons did Skinner use in his study?
8
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what did Skinner do to the pigeons?
starved them and put them in a cage where food dispenser would swing in and out every 15 seconds (stay in for 5s then go out)
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what did Skinner notice the pigeons do?
when the food was due to appear they would repeat the behavior or action they did when it first appeared
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what did Skinner conclude (pigeons)?
pigeons were repeating whatever they had been doing when food first introduced, reappearance of food strengthen behaviour
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what is a Skinner Box?
a box that Skinner put rats in containing a lever, light and food dispenser
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what happened in Skinner box if rat pressed lever?
light came on (contingency) and food dispensed immediately (contiguous)
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what is the variation with the Skinner box?
Skinner electrified the floor of the box and pressing the lever stopped this for 30s. This was not as effective as when food was given
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who put forward operant conditioning?
Skinner
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what does operant conditioning need to be to be effective?
contiguous and contingent
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what does contingent mean
there is a clear link between the behavior and consequence it produces
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what does contiguous mean
consequences follow soon after behavior and there is no delay
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what did the Bandura studies investigate?
imitation of models
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what was the aim of the 1961 Bandura study?
to see if children are more aggressive if they have an aggressive role model, and establish whether gender matters with this
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what is the IV of the 1961 Bandura study?
gender of model and whether or not model is aggressive
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what is the DV of the 1961 Bandura study?
number of verbally or physically aggressive actions shown by children
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how big was the sample in the 1961 Bandura study?
72 (equal split of girls and boys)
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how old are the children in all of the Bandura studies?
3-5
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where did Bandura get the sample from for all of the studies?
Stanford University Nursery School
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how large was the control group in the 1961 Bandura study?
24
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did the control group in the 1961 Bandura study have a role model?
no
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how large where the groups the children were split into in the 1961 Bandura study?
6 (equal girls and boys, matched on aggression)
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in which room did children play with finger paints and stickers, saw a role model walk in and attack a bobo doll or saw a role model play quietly with them in the Bandura study?
model room
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what did the aggressive role model say when attacking the Bobo doll in the 1961 Bandura study
sock him on the nose
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what did the non aggressive role model do in the 1961 Bandura study?
sat and played with the children, ignored the bobo doll
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what did the aggressive role model hit the Bobo doll with in the 1961 Bandura study?
mallet
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in what room were the children taken to and told they could not play with any of the toys in, in the 1961 Bandura study?
arousal room
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what was the purpose of the arousal room in the Bandura studies?
to ensure all the children were feeling upset and frustrated
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in what room were the childrens behaviors watched in the Bandura 1961 study?
observation room
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how long were the children observed for in the 1961 Bandura study?
20 minutes
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how did Bandura observe the children in the 1961 study?
through a one way mirror with 2 observers to tally behaviours
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what was in the observation room in the 1961 Bandura study?
bobo doll, mallet, aggressive toys, non aggressive toys
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what did Bandura find in the 1961 study when comparing girls and boys?
the boys showed more aggressive acts in every condition (36.7 compared to 8.4 for the male model) unless there was the female model (girls=21.3, boys=16.2)
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what was the aim of the 1963 Bandura study?
to see if kids are more aggressive when exposed to an aggressive film role model or a less realistic cartoon compared to reality, and if watching violence is cathartic
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what is the IV of the 1963 Bandura study?
whether role model is real, filmed or cartoon, gender of role model
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what is the DV of the 1963 Bandura study?
the number of imitative and non-imitative aggression displayed by children
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what is the sample of the 1963 Bandura study?
96 (equal girls and boys)
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what procedure did Bandura follow in the 1963 study?
same as 1961 but had no non-aggressive model, and had an extra filmed condition with a female model dressed as a cartoon cat with the same script as the bobo doll
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what are the results of the 1963 Bandura study?
aggressive role model lead to more imitative aggression, in the control condition 70% had aggression of 0
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did the difference in aggressive acts from aggressive role models have statistical significance in the 1963 Bandura study?
no
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what are the conclusions of the 1963 Bandura study?
children imitate filmed aggression and live aggression the same, watching violence is not cathartic, children that watch aggression are more aggressive, the cartoon weakens social inhibitions
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what was the aim of the 1965 Bandura study?
see if kids are more likely to imitate a role model they see being rewarded and less likely to copy the model if it was punished, as well as see if they are more likely to imitate when they are offered a reward
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what was the IV of the 1965 Bandura study?
whether the aggressive role model was rewarded, punished or had no consequences for actions, also the gender of the model with the child, and if the child was offered an incentive for copying the model or not
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what is the DV of the 1965 Bandura study?
number of physical and verbal aggressive imitation and non imitative aggression displayed by the children
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how big was the sample of the 1965 Bandura study?
66 (equal boys and girls)
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what was the procedure of the 1965 Bandura study?
same as 1961 study, but no non aggressive model, all of the conditions were filmed
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what happened in the reward condition of the 1965 Bandura study?
Rocky was praised and given sweets
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what happened in the punishment condition of the 1965 Bandura study?
Rocky was called a big bully and hit with a newspaper
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what happened in the no consequences condition of the 1965 Bandura study?
Rocky had no consequences for his actions
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in the 1965 Bandura study, what were the children shown a video of?
a person called Rocky attacking a bobo doll, who then either had no consequences for his actions, was punished or was rewarded
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what happened in the observation room of the 1965 Bandura study?
children were observed for 10 minutes without an incentive and then brought juice and told they would get more juice and a sticker book if they could show or tell observers what Rocky did
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what are the results of the 1965 Bandura study when the model was rewarded
similar imitation from girls (2.8) and boys (3.5)
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what are the results of the 1965 Bandura study when there were no consequences?
very similar to the conditions where the model was rewarded
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what are the results of the 1965 Bandura study when the model was punished?
girls imitated less (0.5) but boys imitated similarly to before although decreased (2.5)
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in what conditions did the positive reinforcement (after being given juice and sticker book) increase aggressive behavior in the 1965 Bandura study?
all conditions
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what are the conclusions of the 1965 Bandura study?
children are less likely to imitate if they see person being punished, but having no consequences leads to the same behavior as being rewarded
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what are the conclusions of the 1965 Bandura study? (gender)
girls are more retrained by threat of punishment than boys but this is less when they have an incentive to imitate behavior - behavior can be learnt but not acted upon
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evaluate generalisability of Bandura studies?
large samples reduce anomalies, samples from top university nursery school (unusual life), can't generalize from children to adults
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evaluate reliability of Bandura studies?
replicable procedures, standardized (scripts, categories etc), 2 observers mean inter rater reliability as both needed to see for it to be counted, filmed 1963 adding inter rater reliability
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what are applications of Bandura studies?
parenting, teachers, people in positions of power, tv censorship and media can all act as role models
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define a phobia
an irrational fear that other people think is harmless
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what does in vivo mean?
in real life
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what does in vitro mean?
imaginary
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how do you treat a phobia if you think it is caused by a fault in the brain
drug therapy
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how do you treat a phobia if you think it is caused by something unconscious?
psychoanalysis
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how do you treat a phobia if you think it is caused by a thought process?
counselling
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how do you treat a phobia if you think it is a behavioral process?
unlearn it through conditioning
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what did Harry Harlow investigate?
love and attachment between rhesus monkeys
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how did Harry Harlow raise the rhesus monkeys?
with no real mother, only a wire mother that gave them milk and a cloth mother for comfort
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which mother did Harry Harlow's monkey's spend more time with?
both mothers equally, food and comfort needed the same
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what happened when Harry Harlow frightened the monkeys?
flee to cloth mother
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how did Harry Harlow isolate the rhesus monkeys?
placed them in a "pit of despair" on their own
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what happened to the monkeys when they were out of the "pit of despair"?
many lost their sex drives, one of the 6 isolated for 3 months refused to eat when they came out and died 5 days after
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what did Harry Harlow do to the monkeys that lost their sex drives?
created a **** rack, got them pregnant
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what did the mothers do to the children monkeys if they had become mothers from Harry Harlow's **** rack?
rejected children and chewed off their fingers and toes, bit off their heads
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what were the publics reactions to Harry Harlows experiments?
appalled and led to construction of ethical guidelines
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in what years did Harry Harlow complete his experiments?
50's and 60's
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what are behaviorist assumptions?
associations are the building blocks of learning things, learning is best explained by external factors, the laws of learning are the same for all species
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what are behaviorist criticisms?
human behavior is complex and cannot all be explained by trial and error, reinforcement is not important in learning, there must be an internal mental process to lean as children pick up behavior that they have not been specifically taught
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what is positive reinforcement?
adding something nice to make behavior likely to be repeated
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what is negative reinforcement?
emoving something unpleasant to make behavior likely to be repeated
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what are primary reinforcers?
things we naturally want or need
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what are secondary reinforcers?
things we have learnt to value
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what is the aim of systematic desensitization?
to help sufferers learn a relaxation response that competes with a fear response
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what are the three key aspects to systematic desensitization?
counter conditioning, graduated exposure, participant modelling
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what is counter conditioning?
involves learning to associate the thing you fear with something relaxing
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what is graduated exposure?
involves introducing you to the thing you fear in stages on a stimulation hierarchy
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what is participant modelling?
a role model demonstrates being relaxed and calm in the presence of the feared object
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what counter conditioning techniques have been used in the past?
both
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how does a stimulation hierarchy work?
ppt creates list of what terrifies them the most and works their way up the list, can stop at any time and biofeedback is used to monitor anxiety through heart rate and breath
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who suggested covert modelling in systematic desensitization?
Richard Sharf
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what is covert modelling in systematic desensitization?
imagining someone else encountering feared object
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evaluate credibility of systematic desensitization
based on classical conditioning, supported by research such as Gilroy et al in 2003 (studied 42 arachnophobes and after 3 months of s.d. they were less fearful than control group)
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evaluate objections to systematic desensitization
unethical if found distressing but if done properly, hierarchy wont have backlash, not effective for situations where its hard to recreate (crowds) but virtual reality can help with this
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evaluate differences to systematic desensitization
flooding is very different as it goes to other end of stimulation hierarchy, s.d. is more ethical as ppts fully in control, both flooding and s.d. can be in vitro or in vivo. neither sorts out underlying problem
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evaluate applications of systematic desensitization
Rothbaum created virtual reality helmet in 1995 so patient could be subjected to phobic situation controlled by therapist, scenes controlled and paused, pulse rate measured and if high, scene replaced with relaxing one
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what is flooding?
confronting the sufferer with their feared object
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what are the 2 key aspects of flooding?
unavoidable exposure and extinction
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what is unavoidable exposure?
involves introducing you to object you fear in unavoidable way
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what is extinction?
involves learning to associate feared object with something neutral as you cannot stay panicked for a long time
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who suggested flooding?
Thomas Stampfl
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what did Thomas Stampfl do?
bombard patients with descriptions of the things they fear
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who introduced biofeedback in flooding?
Zev Wanderer
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why is biofeedback used in flooding?
to reduce time for sessions
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how does extinction occur in flooding?
phobia sufferers cannot escape object, so alarm stage comes to an end at some point -> feel emotionally drained but not afraid of object (extinction)
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evaluate credibility of flooding
based on classical conditioning, it is realistic and can be used for most phobias. Keane et al studied 24 veterans w PTSD, after 14-16 sessions of flooding over 6 months they had fewer flashbacks and less anxiety and depression than control group
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evaluate objections to flooding
unethical, distressing situations. 1969 Wolpe reported hospitalized patient as flooding made so anxious. possibility of spontaneous recovery as extinguished phobia may return if new response generated with the item
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evaluate differences to flooding
all in one as opposed to graduated exposure, very intense and not as ethical. like s.d. can be in vitro and in vivo, and does not tackle underlying issue
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what are applications of flooding?
cognitive behavioral therapy
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what percentage of females does anorexia affect?
5%
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what is anorexia a form of?
self starving
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how can operant conditioning explain anorexia?
compliments for weight loss (reward), criticism when put weight on (punishment), loose weight to make criticisms stop (reinforcement). some people get so skinny they are criticized (body dysmorphia here?)
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what is size 0 equivalent to?
UK size 4
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what it the average UK size?
16
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which model was so skinny she died due to anorexia in 2006?
Luizel Ramos
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what happened after Luizel Ramos' death?
companies banned size 0 models from walking at catwalks
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how would social learning theory explain anorexia?
models and thin celebs are role models that we are influenced by as they have status and are also female (Bandura says status and same gender=most effective) so young girls are most influenced by size zero models
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what was Katie Green asked to do when she won the wonderbra competition?
drop from a size 12 to 10
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what was the name of the campaign Katie Green started in response to being asked to drop dress sizes?
say no to size zero
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what sizes are considered to be plus size?
10-16
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why are plus size models also bad?
bad role models inspire bad eating habits, pose risk of being overweight
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what do models use photoshop to do?
make models look thinner through technical and creative retouching
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which celebrities spoke out about photoshop?
Brad Pitt, Kate Winslett, Jennifer Laurence
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what does Dove Soaps "Campaign for Real Beauty" aim to do?
stop the use of creative retouching
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what did the editor of Marie Claire say about photoshop?
the readers are "not idiots and can tell when a model has been retouched"
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what percentage of people in a New Look survey said cover images represent real life?
15%
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how can classical conditioning explain anorexia?
glamour and success (UCS) creates feelings of awe (UCR). paired with being thin (NS). being thin (CS) gives feelings of awe (CR)
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what was my experimental question?
how helpful are children at the beginning of a Brownies session, compared to when they have been reminded of a reward?
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what was my hypothesis?
children will demonstrate a larger number of helpful behaviors once they have been reminded of a reward compared to not being reminded, they will also show less aggressive behaviours
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what was my null hypothesis?
there will be no change in the number of helpful or aggressive behaviours in children when they are reminded of a reward compared to not being reminded
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what was the IV of my study?
whether the children have been reminded of a reward or not
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what was the DV of my study?
the number of helpful behaviours counted in a 30s observation of each girl before being reminded and after
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what observation technique did i use in my study?
overt
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what was my sample?
20 girls at my local brownie group
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did i use independent groups in my study?
yes - 10 in each condition
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what sampling technique did i use to gather the girls for my study?
opportunity
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what observational sampling technique did i use?
time sample - 30s on each girl
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what were the findings of my study?
girls demonstrated equal helpful and aggressive behaviour before being reminded of reward
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what were the findings of my study after the girls were reminded of the reward?
the girls were more helpful than aggressive
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what percentage of the girls behaviour was aggressive before being reminded of a reward in my study?
43
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what percentage of the girls behaviour was helpful before being reminded of a reward?
57
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what percentage of the girls behaviour was helpful after being reminded of a reward?
90
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what percentage of the girls behaviour was aggressive after being reminded of a reward in my study?
10
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what test of statistical significance did i use in my study?
chi squared
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what was the statement of statistical significance in my study?
carried out chi squared, observed value of 4.59, critical value 3.84 for 1 tailed test where d.f.=1 and p=0.05 -> reject null hypothesis
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evaluate generalisability of my study?
sample representative of young children but not wider population, only 10 girls in each condition wouldnt remove anomalies, all female may not generalise to men, aged 7-10 so not generalise to adults
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evaluate reliability of my study?
time sampling avoids bias and means another can continue study, had 2nd observer for inter rater reliability, behavioural categories for helpful/aggressive behaviours
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evaluate applications of my study?
people in schools and workplace can use reward to motivate people
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evaluate validity of my study?
face validity, as an overt observer they may behave differently, measured what supposed to
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evaluate ethics of my study?
presumptive consent from brownie leader, parental consent, not informed children but were debriefed, all confidential
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Card 2

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what is Pavlov's IV

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whether dogs are conditioned or not

Card 3

Front

what style of experiment did Pavlov do?

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Card 4

Front

what was the DV in Pavlov's study?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how large was Pavlov's sample of dogs?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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