UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY COGNITIVE

a big quiz on everything in the cognitive section of edexcel A level psychology, unit 1

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what is coding?
the way information is stored in memory
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how does STM code information?
by repeating it-acoustic
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how does LTM code information?
through meaning -semantic
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what happened to Clive Wearing?
suffered brain damage from infection in 1985, complete amnesia and cannot create new LTM, always "coming to consciousness", intact semantic and procedural memories, (knows wife and how to play piano) 1988 Colin Blakemore->brain damage to hippocampus
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what happened to Kim Peek
born with brain damage that caused many things to suffer but gave him ability to make mental calculations v. quickly and read at speed -> savant
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what happened to Steven Wiltshire?
can draw amazing accurate landscapes from memory with just one look ->savant
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what makes Daniel Tammet unique?
amazing mathematical ability
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what is eidetic memory?
ability to recall lots of detail about something you see only once
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in what percentage of children does eidetic memory occur?
2-10
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what age does eidetic memory fade after normally?
6
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what is hyperthymesia?
the ability to recall autobiographical details
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what is hyperthymesia also known as?
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)
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who is AJ?
a woman with HSAM who could recall details of her life after the age 14, but not very good at learned material
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what does HSAM do to Tulvings theory?
makes it less clear
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what does Clive Wearing do to Tulvings theory?
supports it
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how do schemas contribute to cultural memory differences?
schemas change so how people choose to remember information changes and what they remember is impacted by culture
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what did Mary Mullen do in 1994?
cross cultural research into earliest memory of 700 Asian and Caucasian students, Asian memory happen age 4, Caucasian=3yrs 6 months
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what did Harene Hayne do in 2002?
study Maoris, discover earliest memory age 2
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what did Katherine Nelson say in 2004?
memory is about upbringing and how parents encourage us to tell stories
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what is digital amnesia?
common in Western cultures, we are overreliant on computers and look up information so we dont bother to learn it, causing detriment to LTM
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what did Maria Wimber say in 2015?
when we outsource LTM to phones and internet the brains ability to make new LTM decreases
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how does memory change with development?
improved with age, peaks in the middle and declines in old age
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what did Loftus do in 1992?
showed museum visitors a film and questioned them later about it, 26-35yr olds most accurate (77%), 65+=least accurate (56%)
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what did Loftus find about leading questions?
children (5-10) and elderly (65+) were most suggestible with leading questions
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what did Wang find in 2013?
women are better than men at recognising faces they had seen before (only female)
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what was the difference between men and women in the Loftus study?
females and males were equal in accuracy, aside from the elderly group where men were 43% accurate and 69% females were accurate
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why to introverts have a better LTM? (cognitive explanation)
they spend more time thinking about the past so have more rehearsal
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why to extroverts have a better STM? (cognitive explanation)
they are more focussed on the present, thats why they pay more attention to sensory experiences
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how does the psychodynamic approach explain personality differences?
when people repress childhood memories they create defence mechanisms to deal with the past, which explains why we cannot remember from before age5/6
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what does MSM suggest about savants and people with HSAM?
they rehearse LTM more than ordinary people -backed up by brain scans on AJ that suggest her brain functioned the same way as someone with OCD
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how does reconstructive memory explain why some people are more suggestible than others?
children schemas are not yet developed so they are easily impressionable, the elderly's schemas are out of date
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what are strengths of individual differences?
supported by Loftus, case studies to back it up
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what are weaknesses of individual differences?
case studies look at unusual people so it may not be generalisableq
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what are applications of individual differences?
help with eyewitnesses and leading questions, people who are savants are useful for specific jobs but are just as suggestible as others
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what year did Tulving propose the types of LTM?
1967
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what did Tulving split LTM into?
declarative (goes into episodic and semantic) and procedural
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what is declarative memory?
meaningful events
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what is procedural memory
how to do things, retain this after forgetting being taught it
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what is episodic memory?
memory of events and personal experiences (to do with 5 senses)
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what is semantic memory?
logical memory of the relationships between things
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what is a cognition
the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses
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what does the cognitive approach look at?
the internal workings of the mind and how people think
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what are the 3 principles of the cognitive approach?
our mental systems have a limited capacity, a control mechanism oversees all mental processes, there is a 2 way flow of information
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what is the contemporary study for cognitive psychology?
Schmolck
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what is the classic study for cognitive psychology?
Baddeley
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what year did Schmolck do his study?
2002
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what was the aim of the Schmolck study?
to find out if semantic LTM is linked to a particular part of the brain, investigate brain damage on semantic memory
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what is the IV of the Schmolck study?
the extent of brain damage
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what was the sample of the Schmolck study?
3 patients w/hippocampus and MTL damage (includes HM), 3 w/ MTL+temporal cortex (called MTL+), 8 controls matched on sex, age, education
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what was the DV of the Schmolck study?
scores on 9 separate tests of semantic LTM
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what were the tests in the Schmolck study?
9 tests with 48 images in groups of 6 with no time limit (groups=birds, vehicles, water animals)
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what are the names of the tests in the Schmolck study?
similar pictures, category sorting, definitions
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what happened in the similar pictures test of the Schmolck study?
ppts shown 6 pictures in a theme and asked to point out one
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what happened in the category sorting test in the Schmolck study?
ppts asked to split images into "living" and "manmade" categories
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what happened in the definitions test in the Schmolck study?
ppts shown a picture and asked to define and describe it
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how did Schmolck ensure inter rater reliability?
ppts responses tape recorded and transcribed with 14 raters to check
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what were the results of the similar pictures test in the Schmolck study?
HM=98% living creatures 100% objects, MTL+=85% living, 90% objects
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how did the MTL+ group compare to the MTL group in the Schmolck study?
MTL+ group did worse in all conditions, HM was bad at definitions but that was due to lack of education
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what are the overall results of the Schmolck study?
controls=99%, MTL (not HM)=100%, MTL+=78%
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what did Schmolck conclude?
positive correlation, more damage=more mistakes, patients with hippocampus damage lost episodic memory not semantic, semantic (temporal cortex) and episodic (hippocampus) memory are in different parts of the brain
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evaluate generalisability of Schmolck?
small sample distorted by anomalies, but HM wsa identified as unusual at start, brain lesions and memory problems are rare so not representative (often come with other issues)
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evaluate reliability of Schmolck?
standard tests make it replicable, 14 raters add inter rater reliability
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evaluate applications of Schmolck?
helps us understand the effects of brain damage and surgery
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evaluate validity of Schmolck?
low ecological validity, but matched controls improves validity as we know what caused the difference
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evaluate ethics of Schmolck
no informed consent, only presumptive, but done for greater good and has high social responsibility
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why is Tulvings ideas about LTM credible?
case studies like Clive Wearing back it up, as does deterioration of dementia patients, Baddeley study supports semantic memory, Schmolck study supports idea of different location
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what are objections to Tulvings ideas about LTM?
semantic and episodic memory tend to rely on each other, case studies like AJ make it less clear, damage to temporal cortex affects both types of memory (both may be located in the same place, or is the same thing working in different ways)
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what happened to HM?
had severe,uncontrollable epileptic seizures so doc.remove part of brain that seizures seem to come from (hippocampus), experienced anterograde amnesia, intelligence normal, seizures stopped, had procedural memory (tower of hanoi) no new LTM
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in what year was the Baddeley study?
1966
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what was the aim of Baddeley's study?
find out if LTM encodes semantically or acoustically
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what is the IV of the Baddeley study?
acoustically/semantically similar/dissimilar word list and performance before 15 mins "forgetting delay" and performance after
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what is the DV of the Baddeley study?
score on recall test of 10 words in order
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what is the sample of the Baddeley study?
72 volunteers from Cambridge university, split into groups of 15-20 for each condition
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what was the procedure of the Baddeley study?
split into 4 groups, each group sees slideshow of 10 words (appear 3s each), all do interference task (hear and write 8 numbers x3) then recall words (4 trails, 5th surprise trial)
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what are the results of the Baddeley study?
all got better in each trial, acoustically similar words confusing at first but ppts soon catch up w/control->LTM not confused by acoustic similarity. semantically similar words confusing, experimental lag behind control, perform lower overall
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what were the conclusions of the Baddeley study?
LTM encodes semantically (why it was confused ordering semantically similar) LTM not impacted by acoustically similar, slow start in acoustically similar -> bc interference doesnt completely block STM
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evaluate generalisability of Baddeley?
sample of 72 means no anomalies, but each condition was small (max. 20) so anomalies might change that, volunteer sample (better memory?), top uni -better memory?
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evaluate reliability of Baddeley?
standard procedures replicable, stopped reading out the words and replaced them with slides (allow more people)
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evaluate applications of Baddeley?
other psychologists build on research and investigate further (Tulving), lead to working memory model, revision techniques (learn things semantically)
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evaluate validity of Baddeley?
low ecological validity, high internal validity due to controls, surprise 5th forgetting trial improve ecological validity
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evaluate ethics of Baddeley?
no ethical issues -dont bring it up
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what parts make up the working memory model?
central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuo spatial sketchpad, long term memory
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who proposed the working memory model in 1974?
Baddeley and Hitch
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what does the working memory model assume about STM?
it is an active processor with several different stores
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what is the central executive? (WMM)
key component, described as attention, limited capacity, controls slave systems
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what is the phonological loop? (WMM)
processes speech based information, made up of the phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory process (inner voice)
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what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad? (WMM)
temporary storage of visual and spatial information
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what is the episodic buffer? (WMM)
added in 2000, briefly stores information from other subsystems, integrates them to create scenes
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how did the working memory model come to be?
experimental evidence from studies using interference tasks, ppts asked to perform 2 tasks using same system (performance affected) if both tasks use a different system then performance is not affected
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what are weaknesses of the working memory model?
idea of central exec. is simplistic and vague, model only explains info in STM not how transfered into LTM, research to back it up has low ecological validity, doesnt explain confabulation
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what are the aspects of the multi-store model?
sensory input, sensory register, STM, LTM
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who proposed the multi-store model in 1968?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
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how does the multi-store model say memory is transferred?
information about environment->sensory register, if thought about->stm, if rehearsed->ltm
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what does the multi-store model say about STM?
it has a finite capacity (7+/-2) and duration (30s)
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what does the multi-store model say about the sensory register?
it has a finite capacity (5 senses) and duration (half a s), spontaneous decay happens here
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what does the multi-store model say about LTM?
has an unlimited capacity and unlimited duration, forgetting can happen
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what was the aim of my study?
to investigate whether pictures or words go into LTM better
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what was the hypothesis of my study?
there will be a significant increase in the score on a memory test for images when compared to words
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what was the null hypothesis of my study?
there will be no significant difference in the score on a memory test out of 10 when images are compared to words
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what is the IV of my study?
whether images or words are remembered
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what is the DV of my study?
the score on a memory test out of 10
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what was the sampling technique for my study?
opportunity
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what was the sample of my study?
10 SGS students
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what was the procedure of my study?
ppts given 30s to study words in order, then had 30s interference task (reading a page from a textbook), then unlimited time to order cards with the words written on it (counterbalanced with images 1st in half of the ppts)
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what was the mean score for the number of words in correct order in my study?
5.8
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what was the mean score for the number of images in correct order in my study?
8.5
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what is the difference in the mean scores for numbers and images?
2.6
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what statistical test did I carry out in my study?
wilcoxon
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what was my statement of statistical significance in my study?
i carried out a wilcoxon test, where the observed value=0, critical value for 1 tailed test where n=9 and p=0.05 was 8, so i reject null hypothesis
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evaluate generalisability of my study?
10=small sample, anomalies? opportunity sample of our friends -good memory?, aged 16-18 also not generalisable, but both genders
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evaluate reliability of my study?
standard times and script, standard procedures, silent environment, 2 raters
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evaluate applications of my study?
it may be better to show dementia sufferers pictures not words, revise with pictures not words
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evaluate validity of my study?
no confounding variables, however maybe words were worse as the interference task is reading which may confuse LTM, low ecological validity
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what did Bartlett do?
show 20 British people a native ghost story called "war of the ghosts", asked them to recall it on several occasions and compared how they recalled it (serial reproduction) after a few hours, days, years
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in what year did Bartlett investigate reconstructive memory?
1932
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what were the results of Bartlett?
ppts shorten from 330 words to 180, shortest reproduction happened after longest gap (2yr), confabulated details, rationalised story coming up with explanations to confusing parts, later reproductions missed out ghosts, only describe fight
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what parts of the story did ppts confabulate in the Bartlett study?
hunting seals -> fishing, canoes and paddles -> boats and oars
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evaluate Bartlett?
low ecological validity, not many controls, changes recorded were subjective and had no scoring method
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what did Loftus and Palmer do in 1974?
show students clips of real car crashes, gave questionnaire w/critical qu about speed, asked w different verb per group (smashed, collided, bumped)
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what did Loftus and Palmer find? (speed)
ppts who had more violent verb for car interaction estimate higher speed of travelling, smashed=40.8mph, hit=34mph
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what did Loftus and Palmer find? (glass)
1 week later asked if any glass in collision (wasnt), 12% control group (no qu about speed), 14% hit group and 32% smashed group said yes
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what year did Miller find out about the capacity of STM?
1956
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how did Miller find out about the capacity of STM?
gave people string of numbers to learn, getting longer each time, and asked them to recall it, took average
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what do schemas do?
organise and interpret information
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what happens when information is consistent with a schema?
it is assimilated into the schema, and the schema is strengthened
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what happens when information is inconsistent with a schema?
it is accommodated, and the schema changes to resolve the problem, getting new information
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what is a role schema?
holds ideas about behaviour expected from a role, setting or situation
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what is an event schema?
aka scripts, holds information about what happens in a situation
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what is a self schema?
information about ourselves, based on physical characteristics, personality, beliefs and values, they change how you act
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what are problems with schemas?
sometimes they stop learning new information which can lead to prejudice and stereotyping
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how can a schema lead to prejudice?
we only pay attention to information that is consistent with our negative schema about a group of people, and ignore information that forces us to accommodate it
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what is confabulation?
when schemas fill our gaps in memory based on our previous knowledge
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what is levelling?
removing or downplaying details from a memory
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what is sharpening?
adding or exaggerating details from a memory
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how many people does dementia affect in the UK?
850,000 (expect 1 million by 2025)
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what is the common cause of dementia?
Alzheimers
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what are the symptoms of dementia?
memory loss, depression, mood swings, exhaustion, confusion
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is dementia terminal?
yes - but if we delay onset by 5yrs, we will half the deaths
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sufferers of dementia forget things from their past, but keep youth memories until the end, how can psychology help this?
Tulvings ideas about LTM help this, we can show sufferers pictures and talk about their past with them to keep episodic memories active
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what is the key question for cognitive psychology?
how can psychology help treat dementia sufferers
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what part of psychology explains why dementia sufferers lose semantic memory first?
Schmolcks study shows that semantic LTM is stored in a different part of the brain to episodic LTM
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why do dementia sufferers have lifted symptoms when they play games with children or visit familiar looking places?
reconstructive memory and schemas are active, which stimulates other parts of their memory and helps them to feel calm in the environment
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why are dementia sufferers confused when they lose procedural memory?
procedural memory is another type of LTM as established by Tulving, as it is different to other memory, dementia patients lose this memory separately and are not expecting it
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how can displacement theory help to treat dementia sufferers?
early diagnosis of dementia using professor brunos word test can help delay onset (read list of words, should only remember last items-in STM- if have dementia, this is called displacement)
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how can cognitive stimulation help dementia sufferers?
focuses on early memories from childhood and young adulthood -access to episodic memory, semantic memory can be strengthened like this because it can link episodes together, can also rehearse procedural memories that are fading
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how can reconstructive memory be applied to the Mount?
reconstructive memory might help sufferers remember times when they had children (activate other memories though seeing the children)
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how can reconstructive memory be applied to Hogeway?
at Hogeway each different part of the village is meant to correspond to different schemas which should make it easier to activate other memories and keep episodic and procedural memory, Tulving -recent episodes lost so live in past episodes
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for which dementia patients does cognitive stimulation work best?
patients in the mild to moderate stages
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what is the aim of cognitive stimulation for dementia patients/
to stimulate the mind and slows down the progress of the disease as well as reduce stress and loneliness
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what does cognitive stimulation involve
getting patients in groups to discuss, play games and solve puzzles ->often linked to memories
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what happens at the Mount in seattle?
400 residents meet up with 150 children x5 a week, patients become lucid when play with children in games and storytelling, "moments of grace"
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what happens at Hogeway in the Netherlands?
different parts of the carehome village look like different homes and activate different schemas that trigger memories
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what is the validation therapy at Hogeway?
rather than being told they are wrong, residents are allowed to live out their imagined life, reducing stress and keeping them active -> need less medication and are more fit than most dementia sufferers
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

how does STM code information?

Back

by repeating it-acoustic

Card 3

Front

how does LTM code information?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what happened to Clive Wearing?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what happened to Kim Peek

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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