UNIT 1 : Human Lifespan and Development Learning Aim A

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  • Created on: 07-12-20 20:35
Growth
Growth is an increase in a measurable quantity,such as height, weight and head circumference. Although growth is continuous the rate is not smooth.
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What are the 4 principles of growth?
1.Growth is not constant
2. Different parts of the body grow at diffent rates
3.Growth rates vary between children.
4. The growthrates of boys is usually faster onaverafe that of girls, as men tend to be taller than women.
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Develompent
Development is about the complex changes in skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow.Development is constant.
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What are the 4 principles of development?
1. Physical development - Growth and other changes that happen to our body throughout life.
2.Intellectual/Cognitive Development - The development of language, memory and thinking skills.
3. Emotional development - The ability to cope with feelings about
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What does PIES mean?
Physical
Intelectual
Emotional
Social
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What are the six lifestages and their ages?
1. Infancy - 0-2
2. Early childhood - 3-8
3. Adolescence - 9-18
4. Early Adulthood - 19-45
5. Middle Adulthood - 46-65
6. Later Adulthood - 65+
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What is a Fine Motor Skill?
The ability to use small muscles specifically hand and fingers, to pick up small objects, hold a spoon,turn pages of a book or use a pen/pencil/crayon to draw.
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What is a Gross Motor Skill?
The ability to use large muscles.For example to sit, stand, crawl, walk and hold their head up
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Developmental norms
A description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young childs development. For example, by the age of 12 months a child has the ability to stand alone.
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Milestone
An ability achieved by most children at a vertain age, it can involve Physical, Intellectul/Cognitive, Emotional, Social and comunication skills. For example walking, sharing with others , expressing emotions, recognising familiar sounds and talking.
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What are the 3 grasps a child is expected to learn and at what age?
By 12 months an infant is expected to use a pincer grasp to pick up small objects,
By 18 months a child should be able to build with small blocks using a palmer grasp.
By 3 years a child should use a tripod grip to hold a knife and fork.
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Gripping
Having the strength in fingers and hands to hold on to an object firmly.
Holding a rattle, tricycle handle or spoon.
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Manipulation
Skilful movement of objects using fingers and hands, such as turning, twisting and passing objects from one hand to another.
Building with blocks, playing a musical insrument, playing with and placing farm animals or cars.
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Hand-eye coordination
Control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement.
Writing, sewing or complting jigsaw puzzels.
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What are the 3 phases of the learning continuum?
Cognitive Phase
Associative Phase
Autonomous Phase
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Cognitive Phase
Makes lots of mistakes.
Do not have the knowlege or skill to know how to stop making the same mistake.
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Associative Phase
Still make mistakes but not as often.
Possess some knowlege to help to improve upon the mistake being made.
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Autonomous Phase
The movements become automatic.
Vary rarely make a mistake and have excellent understanding of how to improve and develop.
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What are the 2 main hormones produced in females?
Oestrogen and Progesterone
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What is the main hormone produced in Males?
Testosterone.
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Primary sexual characteristics
These are the changes that are related to thedevelpoment of the sex organs which are present at birth and mature when the sex hormone is released during puberty.
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Secondary sexual characteristics.
These are outwards signs of development which are not necessary for reproduction, butdevelop when the sex hormone is released.
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Examples of primary sexual characteristics
Mensruation begins
Ovulation accurs
Penis enlarges
Testes enlarge and produce sperm
Uterus and Vagina grow
Prostate gland produces secretions
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Examples of secondary sexual characteristics
Growth of pubic and facial hair
Voice depends due to changes in the larynx
Hips widen
Waist Narrows
Breasts develop
Increase in height
Weight gain
Increased muscle
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Maturation
Individauls have reached physical matuity in early adulthood. 25 is peak physical fitness
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Menopause
Between 45-55 fertility decreases and comes to an end through menopause which can take many years.
There is a reduction in oestrogen producted by a womens overies, resulting in some shrinkage of sexual organs.
Vaginal dryness causing loss on libedo, Hot f
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Signs of ageing
Reduction in height
Loss of hair
Loss of muscle tome, strength and stamina
More experience
Loss of skin elasticity due to decreased collegen levels
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What are the 5 important aspects of intellectual development?
1. Language development
2. Problem solving
3.Memory
4.Moral development
5. Abstract thoughts and creative thinking.
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What is Language development important for?
-This is essential for organising thoughts and to share and express ideas.
-It is also important for clariffication
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What is Problem solving important for?
-Required both to work things out,to share and to make predictions about what might happen.
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What is Memory important for?
- For storing, recalling and retrieving imformation.
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What is moral development important for?
- Allows for reasoning and making choices.
- Informs the individual how to act in partiticular situations and how to act towards self and others.
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What is Abstract thoughts and creative thinking important for?
-Essential for thinking and discussing situations and events that cannot be observed.
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Why is important to asses intellectual development?
- Understand how individuals learn
- How individuals mature
-How individuals adapt to their life stage
-The main aspect is that as an individual progresses through stages, their intellectual and cognitive ability increases.
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During which stages of intellectual development does " stages of rapid intellectual development" happen?
-Infancy
- Early childhood
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During what lifestage does " Development of logical thought, problem solving and memory recal skills" happen?
- Adolescence
- Early Adulthood
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During what stage do " Changes in the brain cause short-term memory decline and slower thought processes and reaction times" happen?
- Later adulthood
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During what lifestage does the brain develop rapidly?
- Infancy
- Early Childhood
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At what ages do children habe the ability to understand and use language?
- 12 Months-syaing their first words
-2 Years-Naming parts of the body
- 5 Years - constructing complex sentences.
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At birth, what percentage is the size of the brain in comparision to the adult brain?
- 30 %
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By what age has the brain grown to aproximately 80%of the size of an adults brain?
- 2 Years
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What language milestone is expected at around 3 months?
- Infants begin to make babbling noises as they learn to control the muscles asiciate with speech.
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What language mileston is expected at around 12 months?
- Infants begin to imitate sounds made by carers such as 'da da'. This develops in to using single words.
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What lanuage milestone is expected at around 2 years?
- Infants begin to make two-word sentences, 'cat gone', meaning cat has gone away. The infant begins to build vocabulary.
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What language milstone is expected at around 3 years?
- Children begin to make simple sentences, such as 'I want drink'. This develops into ability to ask questions, 'when we go?' . Knowlege of words (vocabulary) grows very rapidly.
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What language milestone is expected at around 4 years?
- Children begin to use clear sentences that can be understood by strangers. Children can be expected to make some mistakes with grammer, 'we met lots of peoples at the shops today'.
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What language milestone is expected at around 5 years?
- Children can speak using full adult grammer. Although vocabulary will continue to groe and formal grammer will continue to improve, most children can be expected to use language effectively by this age.
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How should you encourage language development through infancy to adolescence?
Infancy-blow bubbles, play with puppets, watch and listen to other children
Early childhood- take part in circle time, group activities, imaginary play, play word games and riddles.
Adolescence- Read a wide range of books, group activities,discussions.
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What percentage of neuron(brain cell) connections are in place by the time children are 5?
90%
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Intellectual development continues in early adulthood. By early adulthood indiciduals have gained knowledge,skills and experience.
What 3 things are individuals able to do in early adulthood?
- Use past experiences to make judgements
- Thinking is logical and realistic.
- Individuals are able to think through problems and make decisions.
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What declines during later adulthood ?
(Intellectual)
- Short-term memory
- Thinking speed may decline
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Intellectual milestones
-What is expected at:
Birth
3 Years
5 Years
8 Years
-Can use all their senses to help them understand the world around them.
-Can ask questions, count recognise colours and Sort objects
- Start to read,write,draw and talk ion past and present
-Think more deeply, reason, talk about abstract ideas and plans.
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What does brain development begin with?
- The formation and closure of the neural tube.
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What happens if the neural tube fails to close?
- Can result in a neural tube defect, such as spins bifida.
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What can reduce the risk od neural tube defects?
- Taking folic acid before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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What can lack of exposure to possitive stimulus lead to?
- Lack of possitive stimulation can lead to the loss of neural pathways through neural pruning.
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What can damage the developing brain?
- High levels of the stress hormone cortisol can also severely damge the developing brain.
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At birth how many synapses are in the brain?
- 2500 synapses
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At around 2 or 3 years of age around how many synapses are there?
- Around 15,000 synapses
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What is Piagets cognitive development theory?
- Piagets cognitive development theory explains how a child constructs a mental model ofthe world.
- He regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.
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What was believed about childrens thinking before Piaget?
- It was belived that children were just less compitant thinkers wheres Piaget showed that young children just think very differently.
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What is Positive reinforcment?
- The behaviour is repeated becuase of personal satisfaction or rewards.
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What is negative reinforcement?
- The behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satifcation or to avoid being told off.
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What does the stress-diathesis modeal help to explain?
- How stress cuased by life events ( nurture) can interact with an individual's genetic vulnerability ( nature) to impact on their mental wellbeing.
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What is genetic predisposition?
- The increaded risk of developing a particular disease.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

1.Growth is not constant
2. Different parts of the body grow at diffent rates
3.Growth rates vary between children.
4. The growthrates of boys is usually faster onaverafe that of girls, as men tend to be taller than women.

Back

What are the 4 principles of growth?

Card 3

Front

Development is about the complex changes in skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow.Development is constant.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

1. Physical development - Growth and other changes that happen to our body throughout life.
2.Intellectual/Cognitive Development - The development of language, memory and thinking skills.
3. Emotional development - The ability to cope with feelings about

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Physical
Intelectual
Emotional
Social

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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