Communicable Diseases Revision

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  • Created by: ElishaG
  • Created on: 05-04-17 19:56
What is health?
1)Free from disease/illness.2)Physical, mental and social well being.3)Good nutrition.4)Suitably housed.
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What is disease?
`A departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body.
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What is a communicable disease?
1)Diseases which can be passed from one organism to another of the same or different species.
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What is a parasite?
1)Lives on or in a host organism and harms host.2)Takes nutrition from host or feeds on host.
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What is a pathogen?
Microorganism that causes disease.
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What is the benefit to a parasite living in/ on a host?
1)Warmth.2)Protection/safe place.3)Allows transmission/ spread to a new host.
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What is the difference between a pathogen and a parasite?
1)Pathogen causes disease.2)Not all parasites cause disease.3)Parasite gains nutrition/energy from the host.4)Pathogen does not gain nutrition/energy from the host.
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What are the 4 types of pathogen?
1)Bacteria.2)Fungi.3)Protoctista.4)Viruses.
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Describe bacteria.
1)Prokaryotic.2)Single Celled organism.3)Reproduce rapidly by binary fusion (mitosis).4)Cause harm by releasing toxins/toxic waste products.
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Describe fungi.
1)Eukaryotic organisms.2)Release digestive enzymes.
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Describe Protoctista.
1)Eukaryotic organisms.2)Single celled.3)Enter host cells and feed on contents (parasitic).
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Describe a virus.
1)Multiply in host cells.2)Viral DNA inserted into host DNA.3)Host cell transcribes and translates viral proteins and replicates viral DNA.4)Cell bursts, releasing new viral particles that can infect healthy cells.
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Name 6 animal diseases.
1)Tuberculosis.2)Bacterial meningitis.3)HIV/AIDS.4)Influenza.5)Athlete's foot.6)Malaria.
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What type of pathogen is tuberculosis?
Bacterium.
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How is tuberculosis transmitted?
Droplet infection.
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How does tuberculosis affect the body?
1)Lungs most often affected.2)Can affect and kill other cells and tissues/
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Which organisms are affected by tuberculosis?
Humans and cattle.
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How can tuberculosis be prevented/treated?
1)BCG vaccine.2)Antibiotics.3)Screen cattle.4)Pasteurise milk.
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How is Meningitis spread?
Bacterium.
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How is meningitis transmitted?
1)Sneezing.2)Coughing.3)Kissing.4)Sharing utensils.5)Sharing personal possessions e.g. toothbrush.
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Which organisms are affected by meningitis?
Humans.
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What are symptoms of meningitis?
Membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord become swollen- may cause brain and nerve damage.
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How can meningitis be prevented/treated?
1)Vaccine against some strains.2)Antibiotics.
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How is HIV/AIDS spread?
Virus.
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How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?
1)Sexual intercourse.2)Sharing contaminated syringes.3)Across placenta/ via contaminated breast milk.4)Contaminated blood.
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What is the effect of HIV/AIDS on the body?
1)Attack cells of immune system, which compromises immune response.2)Susceptible to opportunistic infections, e.g. T.B, Pneumonia.
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Which organisms are affected by HIV/AIDS?
Humans.
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How can HIV/AIDS be treated?
Anti-viral drugs.
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What type of pathogen is influenza?
Virus.
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How is influenza transmitted?
Droplet infection.
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What are symptoms of influenza?
1)Attacks respiratory system.2)Causes muscle pain and headaches.
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Which organisms are affected by influenza?
Humans, Poultry, Pigs.
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How can influenza be influenza/treated?
1)Annual vaccine.2)Anti-viral drugs.
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What type of pathogen is athlete's foot?
Fungi.
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How is athlete's foot transmitted?
Contaminated surfaces.
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What are the symptoms of athlete's foot?
Itchy between the toes.
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Which organisms are affected by athlete's foot?
Humans.
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How can athlete's foot be prevented/treated?
1)Anti-fungal medications.2)Clean surfaces.
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What type of pathogen is malaria?
Protoctista.
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How is malaria transmitted?
Via female anopheles mosquito.
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What are symptoms of malaria?
1)Parasite in blood.2)Causes headache and fever.3)May progress to coma and death.
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Which organisms are affected by malaria?
Humans.
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How can malaria be prevented/treated?
1)Prevent being bitten-insect repellents and nets.2)Kill mosquito's-sterile males,drain ponds.3)Prophylactic anti-malarial drugs (quinine/chloroquine).
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Name 4 plant diseases.
1)Black Sigatoka.2)Ring rot.3)Tobacco Mosaic.4)Blight.
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What pathogen is Black sigatoka?
Fungus.
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How is Black sigatoka transmitted?
Waterbourne and wind.
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What are symptoms of black sigatoka?
Leaf spots (reduces yield).
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Which organisms are affected by black sigatoka?
Bananas.
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What type of pathogen is ring rot?
Bacterium.
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What are symptoms of ring rot?
Ring of decay in vascular tissue.
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Which organisms are affected by ring rot?
Tomatoes and potatoes,
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What type of pathogen is tobacco mosaic?
Virus.
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How is tobacco mosaic transmitted?
Leaf to leaf.
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What are symptoms of tobacco mosaic?
Mottling and discolouration of leaves.
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Which organisms are affected by tobacco mosaic?
Tobacco, tomato.
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What type of pathogen is blight?
Mould.
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How is blight transmitted?
Soil.
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What are symptoms of blight?
Affects leaves and potato tubers.
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Which organisms are affected by blight?
Potatoes and tomatoes.
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What is direct contact?
Direct physical contact- touching surfaces contaminated with pathogen,exchange of bodily fluids,skin to skin contact, puncture wounds and sharing needles.
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What are 4 things transmitted directly?
1)Droplet infection pathogen-sneezing (flu.TB).2)Pathogen with no vector-move from one organism to another.3)Faecal-oral transmission-food or water contaminated(cholera,salmonella).4)Spores-air or water or in soil.(tetanus).
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What are 3 things transmitted indirectly?
1)Fungus Ophiostomanova-ulmi causes Dutch Elm transmitted by beetle.2)Protostista, malaria transmitted by female mosquito.3)Pathogen with a vector.
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What increases the probability of catching a communicable disease?
1)Overcrowding.2)Poor ventilation.3)Poor health.4)poor diet.5)Homelessness.6)Living with people from places where disease is common.
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What are the 4 types of plant defense?
1)Passive physical.2)Passive chemical.3)Active physical.4)Active chemical.
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Describe passive physical.
1)A structural component that is present before the infection.2)Cellulose cell wall.3)Waterproof lignin.4)Callose deposited in sieve tubes at end of growing season-occurs annually.5)Stomatal closure.6)Tylose formation.
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How does tylose formation help plants?
1)Fills xylem and swells like balloon, can no longer carry water-prevents spreading.2)Contains chemicals toxic to pathogens.
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How does callose help plants?
Blocks flow of sieve tubes- prevents spreading.
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Describe passive chemical.
A substance that is produced by plant tissues and is present before infection.
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Describe active physical.
1)A structural component activated by presence of Pathogen.2)Thickened cellulose cell wall.3)High reactive oxygen,capable of damaging pathogens produced.4)Necrosis.5)Canker.6)Callose.7)Sunken necrotic lesion.
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How does callose act as an active physical defenses?
It is deposited between cell wall and cell membrane-strengthens wall and blocks plasmodesmata.
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How does necrosis act as an active physical defence?
Deliberate cell suicide- some cells sacrificed to kill pathogen.
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How does canker act as an active physical defence?
A sunken necrotic lesion on woody tissue- causes death of cambium.
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Describe active chemical defences.
1)Substances produced by plant tissues that are activated by the presence of a pathogen.2)Defensins.2)Alkaloids.3)Phenols.4)Hydrolytic enzymes.5)Terpenoids.
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What are defensins?
Proteins rich in amino acid cysteine. Antimicrobial properties and inhibit transport chemicals.
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What are Alkaloids?
Found in coffee, insects find coffee bitter to taste.
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What are Phenols?
Prevent insect biting.Tannin in bark acts as an antibacterial substance and deters insects from biting.
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What are hydrolytic enzymes?
Digestive enzymes that are secreted into the spaces between cells.
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What are Terpenoids?
Known as the essential oils-have antifungal properties e.g. menthol
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`A departure from good health caused by a malfunction of the mind or body.

Card 3

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Card 4

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What is a parasite?

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Card 5

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