Transcription Factor Regulation

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Protein Kinases
Enzymes located in the cytoplasm that phoshorylate proteins e.g PKA, PKG and PKC32
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Protein Kinases Interaction
Different enzymes have different intracellular second messengers to regulate selective substrate. The all have Mg2+ATP binding sites.
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Ser, Thr, Tyr
Enzymes involved in protein phosphorylation and dephosporylation.
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Activator Proteins
Stimulate transcription.
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True Activators
Interact directly with basal transcriptional machinery
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Anti-repressors
Stimulated chromatin remodelling
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Architectural Proteins
Bend DNA
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Co-activators
Connect activators to basal transcriptional machinery
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Repressors
Inhibit transcription
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YY1 & SP1 - Architectural Proteins
Iron-binding protein transferrin, transports ferric ions around the body. Alterations in their binding with age could cause decreased transcription. They bind to DNA and bend it.
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Mediator Complex Composition
Involved in transcriptional co-activation in eukaryotes. Interact with transcription factors and RNA Pol II. CDK8 phosphorylates and activates RNA Pol II.
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Regulation of Transcription Factors
Presence, Transcriptional activity, Dimerisation, Subcellular localization (trafficked through nuclear pores)
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Integration at the Promoter
Eukaryotic RNA Pol II promoters contain multiple elements: c-fos (serum response elements) and Ets (ternary complex factors). Sometimes you need one or more to effect transcription.
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Leucine Zippers
Dimerization domain of the bZIP class of eukaryotic transcription factors. The bZIP domain is 60 to 80 amino acids in length with a highly conserved DNA binding basic region and a more diversified leucine zipper dimerization regions
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Regulation of Leucine Zippers
Expression-dimerization-phosphorylation-interaction with other proteins.
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CREB
Cellular transcription factor, binds to cAMP response elements (CRE), increasing/decreasing the transcription of the genes.
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C-jun Upregulation
Happens depending on a stimulus e.g growth stimuli MEF2
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Immediate Early Genes (IEGs)
Genes regulated by pre-existing transcription factors, initiating gene expression programs e.g Fos & Jun
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C-jun
Protein encoded by the JUN gene. Activated through double phosphorylation by JNK pathway. C-jun knockout is lethal.
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Immediate Early Genes (IEGs) Negative Feedback and Positive Feedforward
Activated transiently and rapidly in response to a wide variety of cellular stimuli. Defined as a "late response" gene, activated following the synthesis of early response gene products. Called a "gateway to genomic response"
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G0 Phase
Cell cycle machinery dismantled
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G1 Phase
Decision Point
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S Phase
Synthesis of DNA/protein
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G2 Phase
Decision Point
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M Phase
Mitosis leading to re-entering G1 phase or exiting the cell cycle G0
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Growth Factor Stimulation of Signalling Pathways
Growth factor- receptor protein tyrosine kinase - small G protein (Ras) - MARK signalling - Phosphorylated TFs - Immediate early gens e.g c-jun and c-fos
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Regulated Expression of Cyclins
Cyclin B-Cdk complex rise through the cell cycle until mitosis, falls abruptly due to degradation of cyclin B.
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Experimental System: Cardiac Myocytes
Terminally-differentiated allows us to understand gene expression without the cell cycles
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Temporal Regulation of Gene Expression
Some second phase genes appear before the first phase are finished. Complex cycle of overlapping genes.
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ATF3 and JunD
Transcription factors that stop gene expression.
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ATF3
Transcriptional repressor that accumulates it binds to different sites and stops expression. Negative regulator of Egr1 expression in cardiac myocytes
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Different enzymes have different intracellular second messengers to regulate selective substrate. The all have Mg2+ATP binding sites.

Back

Protein Kinases Interaction

Card 3

Front

Enzymes involved in protein phosphorylation and dephosporylation.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Stimulate transcription.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Interact directly with basal transcriptional machinery

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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