TOPIC 3 BIOLOGYYYYY

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  • Created by: Nasra
  • Created on: 12-05-13 21:58
Define biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the alteration of natrual biomolecules using science and engineering
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Define fermentation?
The process by which microorganisms take in food from the enviroment and produce other substances through respiration changing the chemical composition of the medium
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What is the word equation for fermentation?
glucose -----> ethanol + carbon dioxide
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Describe what a fermenter is?
A fermenter is a controlled enviroment that provides ideal conditions for the microorganisms to live feed and reproduce
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State factors or conditions that fermenters require?
Aseptic sterile condions-The microorganisms must not become contaminated by other microorganisms,nutrients-the fermenter must contain nutrients that the particular microoraginsm needs in order to grow,optimum temp-suitable for microoragisms 2grow
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State factors or conditions that fermenters require?
the correct pH level,oxgenation-most microorganisms need oxgen to respire,agitation-to maintain an even temperature and mix microorganisms,nutrients&oxygen
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What process is responsible for turning milk into yoghurt?
fermentation
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Why does yoghurt taste sour?
Because lactic acid is produce which gives yoghurt its soour taste
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How are enzymes used in sweet manufacture?
An enzyme called intervase is used in sweets such as toffee,mints and chocolate,it breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
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How are enzyme used in washing powders?
Some washing powders contain the enzyme proteases which breaks down proteins into amino acids,and carbohdrases which breaks down carbohydates into sugars
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What are washing powders that contain enzymes called?
biological enzymes
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What are biofuels?
Renewable fuels based on sustainable resources such as animal waste,organic household waste,wood and alcohol
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What is ment by the term ethical issue?
A problem or issues that people have with certain things
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State one advantage with genetic modification?
some GM crops can survive in poor soils
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State one disagvantage of genetic modification?
Dont know if there will be any long term affects caused
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Descibe the way in which sweet potato has been GM and why?
scientists have tried to biofortify(increase nutrition) the sweet potoato to contain more or vitamin A,they have done this to help vitamin A defiency which causes blindness in children
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Descibe the way in which the tomato has been GM and why?
In recent years scientists have GM tomatoes to containan antioxidantpigment called anthocyanin.They have done this because it is thought to have anti cancer properties .When anthocyanin is inseted into fruits the fruits turn purple
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Two disadvantages of using biofuels?
large areas of land are needed,prevents local people from using land to grow crops to feed themselves
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State the word equation for burning ethanol?
ethanol + oxygen -----> carbon dioxide + water
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State the balanced symbol equation for burning ethanol?
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ----> 2COZ(g) + 3H2O(l)
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What is the enzyme called the removes the human gene for insulin in recombinanat DNA Technology
A restriction enzyme
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What could you do to investigate the growth of yeast?
Place a small amount of it in a test tube with some sugar solution.The CO2 produced can be meausred by the height of froth formed or by how quickly the limewater in a second tube connected by adelivery tube turns cloudy
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You could investigate the effects of different
amounts of yeast or sugar solution,temperatures or pH
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What is mycoprotein?
A general name for for protein that comes from fungi
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What is mycoprotein made from?
The fungus Fusarium and is grown is fermenter
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Steps of making yoghurt
1.)Heat some milk in a beaker to 40oc for two minutes 2.)Add 5g og a yoghurt starture culture(lactobacillus bacteria) and mix 3.)Cover and incubate until yoghurt
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You could investigate the effects of different temperatures or pH on the speed at which the yoghurt sets
...
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What is the enzyme called that is used to make sweets such as toffess,chocolates,mints
Intervase
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What does intervase break down ?
It breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose.Intervase is often produced by yeast
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What are the enzymes called used in washing powders?
Contain proteases which break down proteins into amino acids and carbohydrases which break down carbohydrates into sugars
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What are enzymes that contain washing powders called?
Biological washing powders
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What enzymes is used in the making of cheese
Chymosin
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What does chymosin act on
Milk
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Where was chymosin originally obtained
From the stomach of calves however it is now produced from genetically modified microorganisms in vey large quantities through genetic engineering
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The gene responsible for chymosin was isolated and transferred to yeast cells.This is gentically modified ,meaning vegetarians are able to eat cheese as it is produced without the use of animal products (except milk)
....
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What does lactose intolerant mean?
Means the person does not posses enough of the enzyme lactase to break lactose down
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What is lactose?
A sugar that is found in milk that is broken down into galactose and glucose(two smaller sugars)
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What should you do to investigate action of lactase?
1.)Add a small quantity of lactase to some milk and refrigerate over night 2.)Keep some of the same milk,to whiich no lactase added 3.)Test both samples for the prescence of glucose using benedicts solution it should only be present in the lactase 1
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What is pectinase?
An enzyme that breaks down pectin which is a sugar found in the cell wall of plants
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What is pectinase used for?
It is used to extract more fruit juice from apples
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How can you investigate pectinase?
1.)Cut an apple into small pieces but half in 1 test tube and half in another 2.)Add a small solution of pectinase solution to one and water to the other 3.)Stir both and leave for 5mins 4.)Filter bth into measurin and record volume of juice produced
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What enzyme removes the human gene for insulin
a restriction enzyme
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What enzyme is used to insert the human insulin gene into the plasmid
ligases
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Scientists have designed an enzyme(restriction enzyme)to cut across the DNA double strands in different places,leaving lengths of single stranded DNA,what are these called?
Sticky ends
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List the factors that have contributed to lack of food in some parts of the world?
Growth of human population,the enviromen-enviroment conditions such as poor soils and water shortages,povery-people are to poor to buy land and/or equipment to grow crops conflicts-Wars often prevent foor getting to those who need it
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Biotechnology might have the potential to make the problem of food shortage less severe
...
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What toxin does the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis produce?
A toxin that kills many insects
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Steps of making a plant produce a toxin that kills insects
The bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin,the toxin is identified,a vector is used to transfer the gene coding for the toxin to the embryo crop plants genome,The crops are allowed to grow,new plants resistant to insects
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What is vitamin A defiency and what does it cause?
It is a lack of vitamin A and causes blindness in some children
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To combat vitamin A defiency what have scientists done?
Scientists have tried to biofortify the sweet potato with higher levels of vitamin A
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What are some of the problems that scientists or the general public think that genetic modification could lead to
long term problems,will organisms spead their genes to other genes
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define fermentation?

Back

The process by which microorganisms take in food from the enviroment and produce other substances through respiration changing the chemical composition of the medium

Card 3

Front

What is the word equation for fermentation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe what a fermenter is?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

State factors or conditions that fermenters require?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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