Topic 3

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Prokaryotic
cells without a nuclei and organelles
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Eukaryotic
Cells with a nucleus containing DNA
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Pili
protein tubes that allow prokaryotes to cling to substances
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Flagellum
thread-like appendage that allows prokaryotes to move
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Centrioles
cylinders in animals that produce spindles
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Lysosome
Sac containing digestive enzymes
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ER with no ribosomes. Produces lipids and steriods
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
ER with ribosomes. Where proteins are made
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Nucleolus
dense body in the nucleus where ribsomes are made
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Golgi apparatus
flattened sacs containing proteins
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Sperm
male gamete- containing a haploid nucleus
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Ovum (egg)
female gamete - containing a haploid nucleus
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Gametes
sex cellls - contain haploid nucleus and fuse to create a zygote
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Acrosome
specialised lysosomes found in sperm
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Zona Pellucida
the jelly-like layer surrounding the egg
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Mitosis
dividing mechanism of body cells, all daughter cells are identical copies
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Diploid
the full number of chromosomes. Contains two sets of chromosomes
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Meiosis
division that causes half the normal number of chromosomes to occur in a cell
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Haploid
nucleus containing half the normal number of chromosomes
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Independent assortment
where the line up of chromosomes during meiosis causes variation
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Crossing Over
where chromosomes cross, break, and rejoin to cause variation
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Cromatids
separate sides of the chromosome
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Chiasma
a place where the chromosomes cross
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chiasmata
several places where chromosomes cross
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fertilisation
joining of two haploid nuclei to form a zygote
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zygote
a cell that comprises of a fused egg and sperm
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Embryo
a zygote that has begun to develop into offspring
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Interphase
stage between cytoplasmic division and mitosis
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S
middle stage of interphase where DNA is replicated
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G1
First stage of interphase where many cell organelles are produced
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G2
Last stag of interphase, cell prepares to undergo mitosis
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cytoplasmic division
where the cytoplasm divides, splitting the cells
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prophase
where the chromosomes condense and shorten
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metaphase
the chromosomes line up in the middle and spindles attach at the centromere
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anaphase
the chromosomes are pulled to either side of the cell
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telophase
the chromosomes unravel and the nucleic envelope reforms
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centromere
where two chromosomes join at the centre
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totipotent
where a cell can specialise into any cell in the body
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blastocyst
a hollow ball of cells at the start of embryonic development
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placenta
womb lining made from the outer blastocyst layer
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Pluripotent
where cell can become most types of cells
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multipotent
where a cell can become a few cells
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differentiation
where a stem cell becomes specialised
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Theraputic cloning
where a somatic diploid cell has its nucleus fused with an Ovum and new tissue can be developed from it
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Beta-galactosidase
an enzyme produced by bacteria to break down lactose
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Phenotype
physical characteristic based on genetic makeup
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Genotype
DNA characteristic (alleles)
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discontinuous variation
characteristics controlled by a single loci (discrete)
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continuous variation
characteristic affected by several loci and the environment
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Polygenic
characteristic controlled by several genes
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multifactoral
where several genes and the environment affect a characteristic
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melanin
dark pigment found in skin and hair
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melanocyte - stimulating hormone
hormone that activates melanocytes to produce melanin
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Tyrosinase
Enzymes used to make melanin.
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Tumour
growth caused by occurrences when cell multiplication is faster than cell death
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Onocogenes
codes for proteins that stimulate the stages of the cell cycle
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Tumour suppressor genes
produce protein that stop the cell cycle i.e. to hold the cell in G1 phase
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cells with a nucleus containing DNA

Back

Eukaryotic

Card 3

Front

protein tubes that allow prokaryotes to cling to substances

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

thread-like appendage that allows prokaryotes to move

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

cylinders in animals that produce spindles

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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