topic 1 - restless earth
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- Created by: xxSonia
- Created on: 08-04-14 10:38
Oceanic crust
Thin but dense. Made out of Basalt, no crystals as cools down quickly. Found under oceanes
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Continental crust
Known as land, Thick but less dense. Made out of granite therefore contains crystals and cools slowly
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How do convection currents move plate tetonics?
1. Occurs in mantle, heat of core. 2. Created by pressure of overlying rocks/radioactive decay in core and mantle 3. Heat rises from core , creates convection currents in liquid outer core and mantle 4. Move tectonic plates above.
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Constructive Plate Boundary
Where 2 continental plates are moving apart, new oceanic crust is constantly forming. Magma is forced through the earth's surface due to convection currents from mantle.
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Constructive plate boundary - Location
Iceland,Mid Atlantic Ridge. Small Earthquakes formed from friction- volcanoes aren't very explosive.
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Conservative plate boundary
Continental plates are sliding past each other. No plate is created or destroyed. Sliding is not smooth, creates friction and stress builds up in crustal rocks
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Conservative plate boundary - location
San Andreas Fault, destructive earthquakes, small earth tremors and no volcanoes.
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Destructive plate boundary
Two plate are moving together. The oceanic plate is dragged downwards to the sea bed, as it is denser - subduction. the collision of the 2 plates buckles the leading edge of the continental crust, forming fold mountains.
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How are earthquakes formed with destructive plate boundary?
The sinking oceanic plate can stick to the continental plate, therefore causing pressure to build up against friction. Eventually a series of earthquakes are released.
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Destructive plate boundary -location
Andes Mountains/ Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate to form the Himalayas.
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Basaltic magma
- low gas content - constructive plate margins -low silica - high temperatures -little explosive activity -fluid lava flow
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Andesitic magma
- high gas content - low temperature - high silica - destructive plate margin - less fluid lava
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Granite magma
- low temperature - high silica - very viscous and sticky - become igneous rocks
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Shield Volcanoes
- Constructive plate boundary -Basaltic Magma, high temperature , low gas content. Lava is runny so it flows quite away before it cools - produces wide cones with shallow sides.- Mid Atlantic Ridge
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Composite Volcano
- Destructive plate - Andesitic magma - low temperature - high gas content/silica - Very viscous therefore does not travel far before it cools down and solidifies. Steep sides. Mount Fuji, Japan
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Montserrat, Chances peak Volcanic Eruption - Primary Impacts
- Pyroclastic flows killed 23 people. - destroyed 7 villages - 3 metres of ash -Gas marks
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Montserrat, Chances peak Volcanic Eruption - Secondary Impacts
- Large number of people living on makeshift shelters - 5000 people were evacuated -Large area of farmland was destroyed - Respiratory diseases - Tourist Industry collapsed
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Responses - Shorterm
- Boats used to evacuate - 17 million UK gov - Food,Aid Charities -Water Purification
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Responses- Longterm
- MVO: Monserrat Volcano Observatory -Risk Assessment -Temporary Building - Temporary Schools
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Compare the long term and short term responses?
*refer to previous points
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Sakurajima Volcano responses - Short term
- Government repair damage -Concrete lahar channels divert dangerous flows -Concrete Shelters
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Sakurajima Volcano responses- Long term
-Ensure good transport links -Detailed planning to ensure those evacuate from damage - Maintained roads
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how to predict volcanoes?
Warning systems, Aircraft, bore holes, tilt metres
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Kashmir Earthquake - Primary Impacts
- Buildings collapse - Windows Shatter - 3.3m homes destroyed - 79,000 people died - bridges toppled over, roads cracked
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Kashmir Earthquake - Secondary Impacts
- Fires, broken gas pipes - Diseases - Sewage pipe burst - Contamination -Pneumonia - Tents
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Response and Management - Short term
- International Aid - Army - Border between India and Pakistan opened - Local people help
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Response and Management - Long term
- Buildings reinforced - Re established water supplies - Built homes made out of corrugated tin
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ChristChurch Earthquake - Primary Impacts
- 181 people killed -200 people injured -100 km of water and sewage - 50% central city buildings damaged - Liquefaction - 80% no electricity
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ChristChurch Earthquake - Secondary Impacts
- Businesses out of jobs - No income - Schools shared classrooms - Emergency services, difficult to travel
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Response and management - Short term
- Sanitation - Vulnerable people - International Aid
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Response and management - Longterm
- 80% cleared liquefaction - Water sewage restored - Roads and paths repaired - Temporary Housing
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Hazard Resistant Design - Developing World
China: - Concrete ring ties to walls for foundations - Walls made out of mud and straw between wooden slats - Light weight thatch roof, little damage
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Hazard Resistant Design - Developed World
Japan: - Deep foundation to prevent collapsing - Strong double glazed windows - Damper in a the roof acts like a pendulum to reduce swaying
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Known as land, Thick but less dense. Made out of granite therefore contains crystals and cools slowly
Back
Continental crust
Card 3
Front
1. Occurs in mantle, heat of core. 2. Created by pressure of overlying rocks/radioactive decay in core and mantle 3. Heat rises from core , creates convection currents in liquid outer core and mantle 4. Move tectonic plates above.
Back
Card 4
Front
Where 2 continental plates are moving apart, new oceanic crust is constantly forming. Magma is forced through the earth's surface due to convection currents from mantle.
Back
Card 5
Front
Iceland,Mid Atlantic Ridge. Small Earthquakes formed from friction- volcanoes aren't very explosive.
Back
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