Topic 1.1- how does circulation work and circulatory systems?

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  • Created by: Hannah
  • Created on: 25-03-13 09:57
the process of transportation in closed circulatory systems?
The blood leaves the heart under pressure and flows along arteries and arterioles to capillaries. large no of capillaries come into close contact with most of the cells in the body, where substances are exchanged between blood and cells.
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(cont)
After passing along the capillaries, the blood returns to the heart via venules and then veins. Valves ensure the blood flows only in one direction.
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2 types of closed circulation?
single circulatory system and double circulatory system
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Process of single circulatory system
the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills. here, gaseous exchange occurs; there is diffusion of carbon dioxide from the blood into the water that surrounds the gills and diffusion of oxygen from this water to the blood. the blood leaving the..
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Continued
.. gills then flows around the rest of the body before eventually returning to the heart
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in the single circulatory system, how many times does the blood flow through the heart for each complete circuit of the body?
Once
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Double circulatory system: the process
the right ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it receives oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart to be pumped a second time (by the left ventricle) to the rest of the body.
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How many times does the blood flow through the heart in the double circulatory system for each circuit of the body?
Twice
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how come birds and mammals have a high metabolic rate?
Oxygen and food substances required for metabolic processes can be delivered more rapidly to cells. this is because the heart gives blood returning from lungs an extra boost which reduces the time it takes for blood 2 circulate round whole body.
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Define: mass flow
when in the circulatory system, liquid and all the particles it contains are transported in one direction.
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What is the transport medium in animals?
blood
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What is in the fluid plasma?
mainly water. also, dissolved susbtances such as food, oxygen and carbon dioxide. proteins, amino acids, salts, enzymes, hormones, antibodies and urea are just some of substances transported in the plasma.
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How is blood important ? other than for the transport of dissolved substances and cells?
blood plays a vital role in regulation of body temperature and transferring energy around the body.
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Water is a (liquid or solid ) at room temperature?
Liquid
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What is meant by a polar molecule?
The molecule has ann unevenly distributed electrical charge
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Which end of a water molecule is positive/ negative?
the hydrogen end of a water molecule is slightly positive and the oxygen end is slightly negative because the electrons are more concentrated at that end.
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The positively charged end of a water molecule is attracted to the negative end of surrounding molecules. What is this called?
Hydrogen bonding
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What does hydrogen bonding to ?
Holds the water molecules together and results in many of the properties of water including being liquid at room temperature.
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Solvent properties of water: what is the effect of many chemicals being able to dissolve easily in water?
Vital biochemical reactions are enabled to occur in the cytoplasm of cells.
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Aquesous environment
Free to move around in an aqueous environment, the chemicals can react often with water itself being involved in the reactions.
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How can dissolved substances be transported around organisms? in animals and plants
Animals= blood and lymph systems and plants= xylem and phloem
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Ionic molecules such as sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolve easily in water- why?
in case of sodium chloride, the negative -Cl ions are attracted to the positive ends of the water molecule whilst the positive Na+ ions are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules.
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How come polar molecules dissolve easily in water?
Their polar groups for example the -OH group in sugars or the amine group -NH2 become surrounded by water and go into the solution. such polar substances are said to be hydrophilic (water loving)
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Do non- polar , hydrophobic substances dissolve in water?
No, to enable transports in blood, lipids combine with proteins to form lipoproteins.
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Thermal properties of water: the specific heat capactity of water is very high. why is this?
This is because in water a large amount of energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds. a large input of energy only causes small inc in temp, so water warms and cools slowly.
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Why is it useful for water to have thermal properties which enable it to warm and cool slowly?
It is extremely useful for organisms, helping them to avoid rapid changes in their internal temperature and enabling them to maintian a steady temperature even when the temperature in their surroundings varies considerably.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

(cont)

Back

After passing along the capillaries, the blood returns to the heart via venules and then veins. Valves ensure the blood flows only in one direction.

Card 3

Front

2 types of closed circulation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Process of single circulatory system

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Continued

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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