Topic 3: Redefining Resistance and Challenges to National Party Power 1968-1983

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  • Created by: Finndoood
  • Created on: 14-02-18 18:56
Who was the first president of SASO?
Steve Biko
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What year did SASO form?
1969
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In response to what Act did SASO emerge from?
University Education Act (1959): aimed to segregate higher education
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What was the mantra of "Black consciousness"?
"Work on the minds of the oppressed, not the might of the oppressor"
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What universities did SASO begin to establish itself on?
Black campuses such as University of the Western Cape or Turfloop University
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Why did Biko challenge the NUSAS congress at Rhodes University in 1967?
Rhodes University refused to allow black students to stay in dorms or use on-campus facilities
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How did the National Party respond to individuals such as Steve Biko?
Placed banning orders which prevented them from teaching
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How was SASO defiant of the Unlawful Organisations Act?
Staged peaceful protests at sports grounds or at stadiums
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What year was the Black Consciousness movement launched?
1972 (groovy!)
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What year was the SASO 9 trial?
1975
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By 1975, how many native children attended primary school?
Around 3.5 million
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What can Black Consciousness be creditted with?
Mobilising school children - making them politically active
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What were the gangs in urban areas such as Soweto known as?
Tsotsis
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What did thr Bantu Education Act (1959) controversially identify?
That education in maths wasn't necessary for most African children
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What student movement was formed in the 1970s which was loosely affiliated w/ SASO?
SASM (South African Student Movement)
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What Act triggered the Soweto Uprising?
The Transvaal Education Department's decision to implement Afrikaans into African education
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What year was the Soweto Uprising?
1976
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How many school children participated in the protest?
Approx. 15,000-20,000
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How did the police in Soweto react?
Fired into the crowd with tear gas and live rounds
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How many were killed? (government figures)
176 killed and over 1,000 injured
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Is this figure reliable?
No
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What organisation did Winnie Mandela form?
The Black Parents Association
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What was significant about this movement?
It politicised funerals, spreading a militant and radical message
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How many African children fled the country during the late 1970s?
Around 4,000
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How many African children were arrested at the same time?
Around 5,000
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What was significant about the area of Soweto?
Over 50% of the population was under 20; therefore the majority of casualties were children
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Was there a generational divide as a result of the Soweto Uprising?
Yes
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What was the legacy of the low school attendance in the African community post-Soweto?
Underdevelopment, unemployment, illiteracy
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What year did Steve Biko die?
1977
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What was the official ruling of Biko's death?
Hunger strike
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What white journalist was essential in bringing Biko's death into the internation spotlight?
Donald Woods
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What 1987 film focused on the life and death of Biko?
Cry Freedom
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Around 10,000 people and several foreign ambassadors attended Biko's funeral, true or false?
True
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How many people died under "police detention" in 1976-77 alone?
Approx. 24
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True or False: The ANC saw a decline in popularity in the 1960s-70s?
True
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Who took over as President of the ANC from 1967?
Oliver Tambo
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In which areas did Tambo establish ANC offices in the 1960s?
London, Tanzania & Zambia
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What two things happened in 1975 which illustrated weaknesses in the ANC?
Left-wing white sympathisers tried to take over SACTU and were expelled, Makinawe was expelled
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What particular suggestion spurred controversy amongst ANC members?
Inclusion of all races
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What was Tambo's mantra for the ANC from 1985 onwards?
"Make South Africa ungovernable"
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What was the "Halt all Racists Tours" movement (1970-1973)?
New Zealanders forced the South African rugby team to cancel their tour of New Zealand
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What year did the World Council of Churches sell all their holdings in South African businesses?
1972
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What was conclusion of the Gleneagles Agreement (1977)?
The Commonwealth signed an agreement which discouraged competing against South Africa in any sporting capacity
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What did these action in the 1970s signal overall?
The emergence of a growing global Anti-Apartheid movement
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In 1976, did more Native Africans work in manafacturing or agriculture?
Manufacturing (1.6 million) (Agriculture was at 1.5million)
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What large transport company went on strike in 1972?
PUTCO
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How many strikes emerged from Zulu-speaking migrants withdrawing from work at a brick factory in Durban (1973)?
Around 150
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What did independant trade unions focus on rather than politics?
Wages and working conditions
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What trade union alliance was formed in 1979?
FOSATU (Federation of South African Trade Unions)
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What did COSAS encourage a South African newspaper to launch in 1980?
The "Release Mandela" campaign
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How many seats did the United Party win in 1974?
41
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What political party became the main political opposition to the NP in the 1970s?
Progressive Federal Party (Under Slabbert)
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What showed an increase in support for liberalism in South African politics?
Slabbert's PFP won 19% of the votes in the 1981 election
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What was revenues from the homelands spent on?
education, roads & healt BUT also on police and military to suppress opposition movements
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What two political groups emerged within Vorster's government?
Verlitge & Verkrampte
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Which faction was progressive?
Verlitge
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What did the Verlitge argue for?
Acceptance of trade unions & better training for black workers
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What scandal caused Vorster to stand down in 1978?
The information scandal
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Who was the successor to Balthazar (B.J) Vorster?
P.W Botha
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What war caused an international oil crisis?
The Yom Kippur War (1973)
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By the 1980s, what percentage of the population did White South Africans decline to?
13%
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What was the largest shack town that came out of these economic hardships?
Khayelitsha (near Cape Town Airport)
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Was Botha committed to the needs of reform?
Yes
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Which foreign leaders encouraged Botha to pursue a policy of free markets and deregulation?
Magaret Thatcher (UK) and Ronald Reagan (USA)
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What was the "De Lange Commission"
advocated a gradual equalisation of educational expenditure
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What year was the commission?
1981
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What racial category did the 1980 President's council not include?
Native Africans
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What happened in 1983 that illustrated a significant ideological shift?
The establishment of coloured and "Indian" parliaments
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Was Botha Prime Minister or President of South Africa?
President
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What was the name of Botha's aggressive foreign policy?
Total Strategy
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Which Mozambique political party had communist sympathies?
The FRELIMO Party under Marxist-Leninist Samora Machel
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Which African country became independant from Portugal in 1975?
Angola
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What was significant about Angola?
It was communist
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What was the name of South Africa's domestic arms industry?
Armscor
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What does SADCC stand for?
South African Development Coordination Committee
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What initiative did the AAM launch in 1974?
SATIS Campaign (South Africa, the Imprisoned Society)
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What did the SATIS campaign focus on?
The political prisoners of South Africa (including Mandela)
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What did the AAM organise for Mandela in 1983?
A birthday concert at Alexandra Palace in London, which had a capacity of 800 people
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What campaign emerged internationally in the 1980s?
FREEEEEEE NELSON MANDELLLLAAAAAAA!
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What country did South Africa form military links with?
Israel
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What year did SASO form?

Back

1969

Card 3

Front

In response to what Act did SASO emerge from?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the mantra of "Black consciousness"?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What universities did SASO begin to establish itself on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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