topic 2 Revision

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  • Created by: emily.w.7
  • Created on: 19-12-19 15:12
What is cystic fibrosis caused by?
mutation of the gene that controls the movement of the protein CFTR
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What does the mutation effect?
the portion channel and its ability to move out chloride ions
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Why is the mucus of someone with CF thicker?
chloride ions can move out of the channel into the mucus to lower the water potential, so water is unable to move to the mucus by osmosis.
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name 6 problems that CF creates
breathing, digestion, reproduction, bone disease, liver disease and diabetes.
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Why does CF affect digestion?
mucus blocks the pancreatic ducts, reducing insulin and other enzymes from being released to break down food.
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why does CF effect liver?
blocks the ducts, reducing the bile flow = disease.
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name 5 treatments
physiotherapy, high calorie diets, lung transplant, insulin or bronchodilators (widen the bronchi)
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name 3 factors that the rate of diffusion on gas exchange areas surfaces on the alveolar depends on.
SA (dp), concentration (dp), thickness of gas exchange surfaces (iP)§
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describe the structure of an amino acid
central carbon with hydrogen, carboxyl group with double bond, Amine group and an R group.
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what is primary structure of an amino acid?
amino acids in a polypeptide chain
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what is a secondary structure of an amino acid
either alpha helix (twisted chains with h bonds between carboxyl of one and amine of another) or beta pleated sheet (H bonds linking parallel chains)
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what are the 3 bonds involved in the tertiary structure of a protein?
disulphide bridges, ionic and H.
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what is the quaternary structure ?
multiple polypeptide chains and a non protein group
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describe the structure of a globular protein
spherical and compact shape. coiled polypeptide chains.
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what makes globular portions good for transportation around the body?
hydrophilic elements are on the outside, hydrophobic on the inside making the portions soluble.
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what is an example of a globular protein
haemoglobin
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describe the structure of a fibrous protein
long polypeptide chains, tightly coiled into a rope like form, insoluble, and can be cross linked for strength.
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what is an example of a fibrous protein?
collagen (connective tissue in tissues, bones and blood vessels)
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why is the phospholipid bilayer referred to as the fluid mosaic model?
the proteins vary in shape and the phospholipids can move, so are flexible.
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what makes a membrane more fluid?
if there are saturated fatty acids , with double carbon bonds the tails become 'kinked' preventing the tight packing.
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what are the 3 passive modes of transport?
diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
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what transport process requires ATP
active transport (low to high).
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how does active transport work?
substance will bind to the carrier protein, energy is released when bonds form between the phosphate and water, changes carrier protein shape, substance released on other side.
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what are the two bulk movement processes?
exocytosis (exit the cytoplasm) and endocytosis (enter the cytoplasm)
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what is the induced fit theory for enzymes?
substrate enters active site , enzymes change shape to fit more closely to substrate
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what is the lock and key theory for enzymes?
only one shape substrate will fit into the precisely shaped active site.
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what effect will changing the PH have on the rate of reaction?
changing it outside its range will alter the active site, so the substrate will no longer fit, slowing the reaction
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what effect will increasing temperature have on rate of reaction involving enzymes?
initially will increase the kinetic energy of the substrate= more frequent collisions= higher rate of reaction. above optimum the enzymes will denature.
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what effect will increasing the substrate concentration have on the rate of reaction?
increase rate as more substrates can fit into the active site. above optimum there will be no more active sites left so will remain at the same rate.
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what are the RNA bases?
A=U C=G
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describe the nature of the genetic code
degenerate as more than one triplet can code for the same amino acid. Non-Overlapping as each triplet is only read once, Triplet as an amino acid will only be coded if there is 3 bases.
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What are the DNA bases?
A=T C=G
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the mutation effect?

Back

the portion channel and its ability to move out chloride ions

Card 3

Front

Why is the mucus of someone with CF thicker?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

name 6 problems that CF creates

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why does CF affect digestion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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