criminal psychology- ocr

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  • Created by: Nadin
  • Created on: 16-12-18 17:28
defining criminal behaviour
an act that goes againt the law.
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types of crime?
violent offences, drug related offences, acquisitive offences, sexual offences, anti-social offences
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meaning of violent offences
aggressive crimes resulting in physical harm or death to the victim
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meaning of drug related offences
crimes involving trading in or using illegal substances.
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meaning of acquisitive offences
crimes where capital or belongings are acquired through illegal means e.g. theft
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meaning of sexual offences
crimes where a victim is forced to commit or submit to a sexual act against their will.
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meaning of anti-social offences
criminal acts that cause harassment, alarm or distress to people who do not share a home with the perpetrator.
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some people are looking for gene that causes criminal behaviour. however some people think that criminal behaviour is... rather than....
subjective rather than objective
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meaning of subjective
based on personal opinion rather than fact.
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meaning of objective
based on fact rather than personal opinion
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people believe its subjective bevause its the idea that criminal behaviour is social construct, meaning that societies consider what is criminal. what is social construct?
a concept that exists as the result of interaction between people who make up a society.
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examples of social construct
some societies assisting an ill person to die is considered acceptable and not against the law. in UK its legally wrong.
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societies consider what is right and wrong based on norms. if behavior is different from what societies expect its called deviation form norms, which can be labelled a crime. what does this mean?
deviation from norms mean when an act or behavior goes against the accepted standards of a society.
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what are norms often based on?
norms are often based on the majority (of the society)
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why is culture important in defining crime?
as cultures change, so does the norms, this than leads to a change in law. culture defines our way of life and determines which behavior we will tolerate and which we will need to be punished.
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meaning of culture?
a collective set of norms and values that determine the way of life of a group of people.
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anti-social behaviour is important in defining crime. what is it though ?
its a behaviour by a person which causes or likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons of the same household as the person.
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how is crime measured?
offical satistics gives a measure of crime- e.g. telling which one is more common or which one is on the increase.
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official statistics are carried by?
the government and are based on crimes that have been reported to and recorded by the police.
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what is the problem with reported crimes to police? what do researchers rely on instead
not all crimes are reported- this is why researches rely on self-report surveys to begin to uncover the 'dark figure' of crime.
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meaning of self-report
a method that involves participants reporting on themselves through answering questions.
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what can self-report surveys used for?
they are sometimes confidential surveys.
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what can self-report surveys used for?
ask convicted criminals about other crimes they have committed. or sometimes it can be used as a general public about their offences. finally, it can used as a victim survey where people can report crimes they have experienced.
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why does criminal behaviour and anti-social behaviour occur?
2 theories that attempt to explain crime in general; Social Learning theory and Eysenck's Criminal personality theory.
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what is Social learning theory
it proposes that we learn all our behaviour from others.
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how does it work?
it starts with role models. these are people that we look up to and respect. we then go through a process of identification-where we decide we want to be like these people. we watch what they do and try and copy (processes of observing and imitation)
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definition of SLT
a theory that explains behaviour in terms of observation and imitation
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definition of role model
a person held in esteem of another
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definition of identification
the process where a person aligns themselves with another
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definition of observation
the process where people pay attention to behaviours and retain them in memory
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definition of imitation
a process where people recall behaviours and reproduce them in their own actions
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what is it that motivates us to imitate people in the first place?
SLT states that vicarious reinforcement is important here. this describes a situation where we observe others being rewarded for their behavior; we then decide we want the same reward, and believe by imitating this behavior we will receive the same O
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meaning of vicarious reinforcement
when a behaviour is strengthened by an individual observing this same behaviour being rewarded in another. E.G. the teen boy may see the gang making money through his criminal activity. the money is VR; the boy thinks he will make money too.
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direct reinforcement?
the boy might not get the money because he could get caught (not rewarded when imitating behavior). however, if they experience direct reinforcement by receiving similar reward then they have an incentive to continue their behaviour.
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meaning of direct reinforcement
when a behavior is strengthened and likely to be repeated due to positive outcomes for the individual.
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if a behaviour is continual reinforced then there is a point for what?
there is a point for the behavoiur to become internalised- behaviour becoming part of the person and does not necessarily have to be reinforced for it to continue.
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meaning of internalisation
the process whereby a behaviour becomes an integral part of an individuals personality due to continuous reinforcement.
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when a behaviour becomes internalsed, what can it cause if its wrong?
consequences
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meaning of consequences
the result of something, usually negative. for example, the consequences of being ignored by your friends might be feeling depressed
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SLT mnemonic
Rude Monarchs Invite Old Investors Very Rarely to Dine on Royal Islands
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criticisms of SLT 1
social learning theory only focus on the role of nurture, ignoring the role of nature in explaining criminal behaviour- psycholgists argue there is a 'criminal gene'-nature. it might be that nature/nurture have to interact before someone- be criminal
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criticisms of SLT 2
the theory does not explain how criminal behaviour starts in the first place-there has to be a point at which criminal behaviour first began.
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criticisms of SLT 3
the theory does not account for people who turn to crime, even though they have not been exposed to role models-evidence suggest that there are individual with good upbringing who commit crimes.this is be better explained by nature; brain dysfunction
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criticisms of SLT 4
if SLT is correct then it should be easier to reduce crime-if criminal behav. is strengthened through reinforcement, then it should be reduced by receiving punishments and seeing others being punished. some recommit when out of prison-nature- CON
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Nature/ Nurture Debate
is it that how we think and behave is innate; are we born with predetermined abilities, or are we born a 'blank slate'?
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Card 2

Front

types of crime?

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violent offences, drug related offences, acquisitive offences, sexual offences, anti-social offences

Card 3

Front

meaning of violent offences

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

meaning of drug related offences

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

meaning of acquisitive offences

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Preview of the front of card 5
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