Topic 10: Evolution, Genetics and Behaviour (PS111 test 2)

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 19-03-17 12:50
Why does evolution interest psychologists?
Understanding possible origins and the adaptive functions of human behvaiour
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Why does evolution interest psychologists?
Understanding ultimate causes
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Why does evolution interest psychologists?
Understanding proximal causes
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Why does evolution interest psychologists
Understanding how an organism's evolutionary history contributes to the behaviours used during its lifetime
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What are ultimate causes?
The real reason something occured
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What are proximal causes?
The event which is closest to, or imesult.mediately responsible for causing, some observed result
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What does evolution mean?
Change over time
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What does evolution mean in the context of biology?
The change in inherited characteristics from generation to generation
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What are people interested in?
The changes in the phenotype over time
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What is the phenotype?
thraction of its genotype with the environment.e set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the inte
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What is the genotype?
the genetic constitution of an individual organism
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What type of "human" existed 2-4 million years ago?
Homo Habilis
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What type of "human" existed 400,000 years later after the one which existed 2-4 million years ago?
Homo Erectus
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What type of "human" existed 300,000 years ago?
Homo Neanderthalensis
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What type of "human" exists today?
Homo Sapiens
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Was the Homo Habilis bipedal (uses two legs for walking)?
Yes
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Did the Homo Habilis use tools?
Yes
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Who was larger the Homo Habilis or the Homo Erectus?
Homo Erectus
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Who stood more upright the Homo Habilis or the Homo Erectus?
Homo Erectus
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Who had the better tools (fire, weapons, clothes) the Homo Habilis or the Homo Erectus?
Homo Erectus
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Who created "base camps"?
Homo Erectus
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Who first built homes?
Homo Neanderthalensis
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Who first had cultural rituals?
Homo Neanderthalensis
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Who had the most sophisticated tool use the Homo Erectus or the Homo Neanderthalensis?
Homo Neanderthalensis
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What is Mendel's law of (particulate) inheritance?
A gene is the smallest unit that can be inherited
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What is Mendel's law of segregation?
Two allelles for every gene, only one is inherited
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What is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment?
Traits are inherited independently from one another
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What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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What is DNA?
Strands of sugar and phosphate connected by nucleotide molecules
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What are the four nucleotide molecules in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytocine
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What is the nucleotide molecule beginning with A?
Adenine
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What is the nucleotide molecule beginning with T?
Thymine
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What is the nucleotide molecule beginning with G?
Guanine
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What is the nucleotide molecule beginning with C?
Cytocine
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What does Adenine pair with? (DNA)
Thymine
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What does Thymine pair with? (DNA)
Adenine
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What does Cytocine pair with? (DNA)
Guanine
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What does Guanine pair with? (DNA)
Cytocine
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what does the precise sequence of the nucleotides dictate?
The synthesis of protein molecules that regulate the development of a body
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What is a Gene?
A segment of DNA
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What unit is Genes?
The basic unit of heredity
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How many genes do humans have?
25,000
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What do Genes do?
Act as instructions to make proteins
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Each sequence of nucleotides specifies an...?
Amino Acid
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What do genes direct?
The production of proteins
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How to genes express themselves?
Via the effects proteins have
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Where are Genes located?
In chromosomes
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What do Chromosome's contain?
A particular sequence of genes (pairs of genes)
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How man chromosomes does each sperm carry?
23
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How many chromosomes does each ovum (egg) carry?
23
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What is it called when an egg and sperm meet?
Meiosis
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When an egg and sperm meet what happens to the Chromosomes?
They "pair up"
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What is each gene-pair called?
An allele
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If both parents contribute the same alleles for a pair of genes the combination is called....?
Homozygous
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If both parents contribute different alleles for a pair of genes the combination is called....?
Heterozygous
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When parents contribute different alleles to a pair what happens?
The trait the gene expresses is determined by which gene is dominant and which is recessive
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An organism's genotype is?
The genes it carries
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An organism's phenotype is?
It's observable characteristics
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An organism's phenotype is determined by....?
The genes and the environment?
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What are the four evolutionary forces?
Mutation, Migration, Genetic drift and Natural selection
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What evolutionary force introduces variance?
Mutation and Migration
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What evolutionary force cases genes to be filtered and genes to be shuffled?
Natural selection
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What does Genetic drift do?
It is random, "sampling error", no direction
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What is Mutation?
A random change in DNA
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Do all mutations matter to evolution?
No (only those that can be passed on to offspring do)
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Where does Mutation occur?
In reproductive cells
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When does migration happen?
When a gene moves from one population to another
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When does Genetic Drift occur?
When bad luck and random chance wipe out or drastically reduce certain genes
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Who came up with the idea of natural selection?
Charles Darwin
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What are the three components in natural selection?
1. There must be variation in the population for a trait. 2. The trait must impact reproductive success. 3. The trait must be "heritable"
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What is the benefit of Organisms varying considerably within and between a species
It provides "raw material" for natural selection
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How are traits passed on to the new generation?
Through reproduction
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What is the "bottom line" of evolution?
Reproduction
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Inherited traits do not play a role in the biological evolution of organisms
False (they do)
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Are useful traits which help survival and reproduction more likely to be passed on?
Yes
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Are some mutations more favourable than others?
Yes
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Are more favourable mutations (such as blue eyes) more likely to be inherited?
Yes
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What are the four important developments in evolution?
Perception/Action, Bipedalism, Encephalisation, Language
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Why is Perception/Action an important evolutionary development?
Because it allows organisms to respond to more detailed information from the environment which then requires more complex nervous systems and brains.
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Why is Bipedalism an important evolutionary development?
Because it gives you greater mobility and frees up the hands for tools
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Why is Encephalisation an important evolutionary development?
Increased brain to body size is good because it allows rapid learning and other things requiring a large, complex brain.
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Why is Language an important evolutionary development?
Because it allows us to organise as a social group and pass on information
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What is good evidence for the idea that evolution influences our behaviour?
Animal husbandry (breeding animals)
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How does Animal Husbandry support the idea that evolution influences our behaviour?
Because we can breed animals for certain behavioural traits
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How can our behaviour function to increase our reproductive success?
Increasing chances of survival, mating strategies, child rearing and social behaviour
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What traits, behaviours and neural machinery did we evolve to improve our chances of survival?
Detecting lying and cheating, Bonding with babies, Cognitive biases towards caution/fear, emotion
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What type of studies has helped us to understand genetics?
Twin studies
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What are Identical twins called?
Monozygotic
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What are non identical twins called?
Dizygotic
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What is an issue with twin studies?
Same environments. Even separated twins are likely to be raised in the same culture.
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What is Altruism?
The unselfish concern of one individual for the welfare of another
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Is there a benefit to Altruism
It would seem so, many species live in Alturistic communities
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Is there a problem with Alturism being an important tool?
Yes, it is hard to see a benefit of hurting yourself to help another
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Who looked at why Alturism is important?
Hamilton (1964,1970) and Maynard Smith (1964)
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Why did Hamilton (1964,1970) and Maynard Smith (1964) say Alturistic behaviour is good? (Kin selection)
It arose to protect our family, our family has the same genes thus if they are okay the genes will survive.
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What is the evidence for Hamilton (1964,1970) and Maynard Smith (1964) 's views that Alteristic behaviour is there to help protect your family (kin selection)
Parenting
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What is the name of Hamilton (1964,1970) and Maynard Smith (1964) 's views that Alteristic behaviour is there to help protect your family
Kin selection
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What is a problem with Hamilton (1964,1970) and Maynard Smith (1964) ''s Kin selection theory?
It doesn't explain altruism towards strangers and friends
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Who came up with Reciprocal Altruism?
Trayers (1971)
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What did Trayers (1971) say about Reciprocal Altruism?
That it exists because humans (and other social animals) benefit from co-operating in groups
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Why is Altruism reciprocal and not unconditional?
Because some people would take advantage of it, so we only be kind to those who have been kind to us
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Why does evolution interest psychologists?

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Understanding ultimate causes

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Why does evolution interest psychologists?

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Why does evolution interest psychologists

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What are ultimate causes?

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