Topic 1, Paper 1 Biology

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What is an Eukaryotic Cell?
A complex cell, e.g Animal and Plant cells.
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How is the genetic material organised in Eukaryotic cells?
The genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus and organised into chromosomes.
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What type of organisms are made up of Eukaryotic cells?
Multi-cellular organisms (also known as Eukaryotes).
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What is a Prokaryotic cell?
A simple cell which is much smaller in comparison to an Eukaryotic cell, e.g a bacteria cell.
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How is the genetic material organised in a Prokaryotic cell?
How is the genetic material organised in a Prokaryotic cell?
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What type of organism does a Prokaryotic cell make up?
Uni-cellular organisms (also known as a Prokaryote)
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State all the Sub-cellular structures of an animal cell.
Nucleus, semi-permiable cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and ribosomes
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State all of the sub-cellular structures of a plant cell.
Nucleus, rigid cell wall, semi-permiable membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, large vacuole, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
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What are the functions/features of a nucleus?
Contains genetic material organised into 23 paired chromosomes, controls the activities of the cell.
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What are the functions/features of the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. Also contains enzymes which control these reactions.
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What are the functions/features of the cell membrane?
The membrane is semi-permeable which holds the cell together and controls what enters and leaves.
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What are the functions of the mitochondria?
Where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy the cell needs to work.
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What processes are ribosomes involved in?
The translation of genetic material and the synthesis of proteins.
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What are the functions/features of the cell wall?
Made of cellulose, the cell wall supports and strengthens the cell.
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What are the functions/features of the vacuole?
Contains cell sap (a weak solution of sugars and salts). The vacuole maintains the internal pressure to support the cell.
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What are the functions/features of chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant, and they contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
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State the sub-cellular structures of a bacteria cell.
Chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, cytoplasm and flagellum.
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What are the functions/features of Chromosomal DNA?
Chromosomal DNA is one long, circular strand of DNA which controls the bacteria cell's activities and replication.
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What are the features/functions of Plasmid DNA?
Plasmid DNA are small loops of extra DNA that aren't part of the chromosome. Plasmids contain genes for things like drug resistance, and ca be passed between bacteria.
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What are the functions/features of the flagellum?
The flagellum (flagella, plural) is a long hair-like structure which rotates to make the bacterium move. Used to move the cell away from harmful substances, e.g toxins, and towards beneficial substances such as nutrients and oxygen.
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What is a specialised cell?
A cell that has differentiated to be adapted to a specific function.
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What are the functions of a sperm cell?
Transport the male DNA to the female ovum and fertilise the ovum.
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How is a sperm cell specialised to carry out it's functions?
1) Streamlined. 2) Tail to allow the cell to swim to the ovum. 3) Mitochondria in the mid-section, provides energy needed to swim to ovum. 4) Acrosome on head which stores enzymes needed to digest through ovum membrane. 5) Haploid nucleus.
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What is the function of the Female egg cell?
Carry the female DNA and nourish the developing embryo in the early stages.
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How is the egg cell specialised for these functions?
1) Cytoplasm contains nutrients to feed the embryo. 2) Large in size. 3) Haploid nucleus. 4) Straight after fertilisation the membrane will change shape to prevent anymore sperm entering-ensures the offspring ends up with the correct amount of DNA.
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Why are microscopes important?
They have allowed us to study cells and cell organelles greater detail and gain a greater understanding of them.
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What are the two types of microscopes?
Light microscopes and Electron microscopes.
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How do light microscopes work?
Allow us to view the specimen by shining a light through it.
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Pros and Cons of light microscopes?
Pros: Allows us to see the internal structure of cells, and can be used to study living cells. Cons: Limited magnification and resolution- we can't study cells in that much detail. r
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How do you produce a slide for a light microscope? (onion cells)
1) Cut open an onion and use forceps to peel a layer of epidermis from the inside. 2) Place the epidermis on a microscope slide and add a drop of iodine to stain the cell. 3) Place cover slip over.
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How do electron microscopes work?
By firing electrons at the specimen.
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Pros and Cons of electron microscopes?
Pros: Higher resolution and magnification- allows us to study smaller sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria in greater detail which enables us to have a greater understanding of how cells work. Cons:Expensive and can't be used on living cells.
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How do you magnify an image on a microscope?
Using lenses which have different levels of magnification i.e x10, x20 and x40. (eye-piece lens has a magnification of x10)
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Recall the microscopy calculations.
Magnification= Image Size/Real Size. Image Size/Magnification x Real Size
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What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a Biological catalyst.
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What do enzymes do?
Enzymes speed up useful chemical reactions.
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What is a substrate?
The molecule which is changed in a enzyme-catalysed reaction.
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What is an enzymes active site?
The active site is the part of the enzyme which joins to the substrate to catalyse the reaction.
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Explain the 'lock and key' mechanism.
Enzymes are complimentary to one specific substrate, for the enzyme to be able to catalyse the reaction the substrate has to fit the active site. If the substrate doesn't fit then the reaction won't be catalysed.
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What does it mean if an enzyme is denatured?
The shape of the active site has changed and is no longer complimentary to the substrate-can no longer catalyse reactions.
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How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
Rising temp=increasing rate of reaction. Optimum temp.= the temp. that the enzyme will work best at. Too hot= denatured
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How does pH affect enzyme activity?
If too low/high the pH will interfere with the bonds holding the enzyme together and cause the enzyme to denature. All enzymes have an optimum pH that they work best at.
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How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?
Higher the concentration=faster the reaction (only up to a point, eventually all the active sites will be full so adding more will make no difference).
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What is the function of an enzyme?
Speed up reactions by breaking large molecules down into their smaller components so that they can be used for growth and other processes.
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Lipases convert lipids into...
Glycerol and fatty acids.
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Proteases convert proteins into...
Amino acids.
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Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into...
Simple sugars, e.g amylase breaks down starch into maltose and dextrins.
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Starch is tested for using...
Iodine. If starch is present the sample will change from brown-orange to blue-black, if no starch is present then the sample will stay brown-orange.
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Lipids are tested for using the...
Emulsion test. 1) Add ethanol to sample and shake until dissolved and then pour the solution into water. 2) If lipids are present they will precipitate and rise to the top as milky emulsion.
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Proteins are tested for using the...
Biuret test. 1)Add a few drops of potassium hydroxide solution to make the sample alkaline. 2) Add some copper(II) sulfate solution (blue). If protein is present the solution will turn purple, if not will stay blue.
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Sugars are tested for using...
Benedicts Reagent. 1) Add BR (blue) to sample and heat in a water bath set to 75*C. If the test is positive it will form a coloured precipitate. 2) The higher the conC of sugar, the further the colour change.
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What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration than area of lower concentration.
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What is osmosis?
The net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
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What is active transport.
The movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient (i.e. from an area of low conC to an area of higher conC) using energy transferred during respiration.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How is the genetic material organised in Eukaryotic cells?

Back

The genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus and organised into chromosomes.

Card 3

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What type of organisms are made up of Eukaryotic cells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a Prokaryotic cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is the genetic material organised in a Prokaryotic cell?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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