Topic 1 Key Concepts - Definitions (Higher) - PMT Extended

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Acrosome
An organelle in the tip of a sperm that contains enzymes which digest the egg cell membrane.
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Active Site
A specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place.
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Active Transport
The movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (against the concentration gradient) across a membrane, with the use of energy from respiration.
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Benedict's Test (H)
A chemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a different colour based on the amount of reducing sugar present.
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Biuret Test (H)
A chemical test used to test for reducing sugars that produces a purple colour when it is added to a solution containing protein.
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Calorimetry
A method of measuring heat transfer during a chemical reaction.
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Carbohydrase
An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
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Carbohydrate
A large molecule that is synthesised from simple sugars.
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Cell
The basic building block of all living organisms.
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Cell Membrane
A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell.
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Cell Wall
An outer layer made of cellulose that strengthens plant cells.
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Chloroplast
An organelle that is the site of photosynthesis.
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Chromosome
A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes.
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Cilia
Hair-like structures found on ciliated epithelial cells which waft substances across the surface of the tissue in one direction.
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Ciliated Epithelial Cell
A type of epithelial cell that lines the surface of structures such as the respiratory tract and uterus.
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Concentration Gradient
The difference in concentration between two areas.
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Denaturation
Upon exposure to high temperatures or extremes of pH, the permanent change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that prevents the binding of a substrate.
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Diffusion
The net spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration (down their concentration gradient).
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Diploid Cell
A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (a full set of chromosomes).
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Egg Cell
A specialised female sex cell involved in reproduction.
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Electron Microscope
A type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce an image of a specimen. It has a greater magnification and resolution than a light microscope.
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Emulsion Test
A chemical test that produces a cloudy emulsion when performed on lipids.
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Enzyme
A biological catalyst that increases the rate of reactions in living organisms.
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Eukaryotic Cell
A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus.
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Flagella
A long hair-like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement.
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Haploid Cell
A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number of chromosomes).
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Iodine Test
A chemical test that produces a blue/black colour when iodine solution is added to a sample containing starch.
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Light Microscope
A type of microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify the visible light reflecting off a specimen. It has a lower magnification and resolution than an electron microscope.
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Lipase
An enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
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Lipid
A large molecule that is synthesised into fatty acids and glycerol.
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Lock and Key Hypothesis
A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.
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Magnification
The number of times bigger than an image appears compared to the original object, using:
image size =
magnification X real size
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Micrometre
A quantitative unit of length. One micrometre is equal to 0.00001 metre.
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Millimetre
A quantitative unit of length. One millimetre is equal to 0.01 metre.
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Mitochondria
An organelle that is the site of respiration.
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Nanometre
A quantitative unit of length. One nanometre is equal to 0.00000001 metre.
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Nucleus
An organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material of the cell and controls the activities of the cell.
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Organelle
A specialised structure found inside a cell.
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane.
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Percentage Change in Mass
The proportion of the mas of a substance that has changed over a set period, calculated using:
percentage change in mass =
[(final mas- initial mass) ] X100
[___________________]
[ initial mass ]
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Picometre
A quantitative unit of length. One picometre is equal to 0.00000000001 metre.
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Plasmid
Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
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Prokaryotic Cell
A type of cell found in bacteria that does not contain a nucleus.
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Protease
An enzymes that breaks down proteins into amino acids.
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Rate of Reaction
The speed at which reactants are converted into products.
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Resolution
The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished.
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Ribosome
A sub-cellular structure that is the site of protein synthesis.
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Specialised Cell
A cell that has a structure which makes it adapted to its function.
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Specificity
The ability of an enzyme to catalyse only a particular reaction or set of reactions in which a specific substrate fits the active site of the enzyme.
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Sperm Cell
A specialised male sex cell that is involved in reproduction.
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Vacuole
An organelle found in plant cells which stores cell sap and supports the cell.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Active Site

Back

A specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place.

Card 3

Front

Active Transport

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Benedict's Test (H)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Biuret Test (H)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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