Multi-stroke, dynamic, static and cutting toolmarks
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What are multi-stroke marks?
Marks by repetitive action
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What are dynamic marks?
Grinding/sliding - slide across surface leaving striations
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What are static marks?
Compression/indented - pressed into soft material
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What are cutting marks?
Combination of static and sliding marks - indents into material and leaves striations
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What evidential value to marks/tools give?
Probative value, useful for intelligence, useful in case, other types of evidence from tool
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How would you recover tool marks and impressions?
Photography, castings, recover whole item, torch
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What are the characteristics of tool marks/impressions?
Individual and class
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How would you examine the tool/mark/impression?
Visually, unique characteristics from manufacture and use, examine tool first then compare to scene, test marks, deposits of surface paint, recent contact, counter marks, trace evidence
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What would you look for for test marks?
Angle of incidence, same tool, striations, malleable material
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Why would you examine tool first then compare to the crime scene?
Prevents cognitive bias
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What are some other marks?
Crashes, bites, firearms, gloves, on bones and tyre impressions
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