TM all names

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what did Durkheim suggest?
homoduplex model, collective conscience, social solidarity.
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what was Herbert Spencer's theory?
Organic analogy.
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what did Talcott Parsons outline?
we have a value consensus, and 4 functional prerequisites.
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what did Merton argue?
some parts of society can be dysfunctional. manifest(intended) and latent (unintended) functions.
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what did Charles Murray focus on?
Underclass, new rabble, new victorians.
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what did Marx outline?
historical materialism, history of class societies, false consciousness and alienation.
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Althusser's main 2 concepts?
structuralist marxist who outlined the repressive and ideological state apparatus.
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What did Firestone argue?
radical feminist who argues that women will always be subordinate because of their biology.
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What did Barret argue?
"the ideology of familism". used to present the nuclear family and division of labour as normal and natural maintaining the idea that women should be subordinate.
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what did Niomi Wolf argue?
women are exposed to an unattainable standard known the the "beauty myth".
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what did Abbott and Walace argue?
sociology is mainly concerned with research on men. Male samples are generalised to the whole population.
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Ann Oakley?
feminist way of doing interviews is better. they are less objective and distant and listen to women's experiences.
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what did Ray Pawson argue?
Oakley's research is no different to any ordinary interview. she has just elaborated on existing models.
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What did Weber argue?
idea of "vehstehen" meaning empathetic understanding. also did a study of Calvinists.
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Who was Mead?
a symbolic interactionist who devised the "I" which is the active self and the "me" which is the social self.
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What did Becker argue?
he applied the labelling theory to the "I" and the "me". when someone is labelled it influences the me.
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what did Schutz argue?
phenomenology theorist who outlines typifications, life world and recipe knowledge.
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who was Garfinkel?
an ethnomethodologist who believes society is created from the bottom up. there is a lack of shared meaning known as indexicality in which meanings change based on context we then use common sense known as reflexivity to make sense of the world.
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what does Goffman argue?
created the dramaturgical model believing "life is but a stage".
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What did Giddens argue about structuration?
sociology should combine two approaches to prevent being bias and to get a true picture of the world, structural and social action.
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what did Archer argue?
Giddens underestimates the capacity of structures to resist change.
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what does Cuff et al argue?
Giddens ideas are not original. some of his ideas are updates from Weber e.g. the level of cause and meaning.
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what does Laslett argue?
that only 10% of families were extended before the modern period.
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What does Anderson argue?
more extended families during industrial revolution.
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what does Baudrillard argue?
hyper reality (people cant tell image from reality), heightened reality (best parts of reality) and simulacra (something false pretending to be real).
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what did Lyotard argue?
word is full of unexplainable evils which decreases faith in meta-narratives.
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what did Swingewood argue?
no evidence to prove metanarratives and therefore they are not seen as useful
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What did Giddens argue?
we no longer need to be face to face to communicate.
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What does Beck argue?
we have manufacted risks from human activity. We live in a risk society.
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what does Jameson argue?
media images, diversity and instability are all part of developed form of capitalism.
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What Philo and Miller argue ?
Postmodrnists ignore the power and inequality of upper class in media domination, also the material restrictions on people who want to shape identity.
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What do Best and Kellner argue?
PM doesn’t explain how important features of society came about.
Harvey- political decisions do make a difference.
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What does Worsely outline?
defines a social problem- social behaviour that causes public friction and or misery and needs solving.
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what did Townsend do?
research on poverty- made recommendations for higher benefits and more spending on education and health.
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What was the black report?
37 recommendations for social policies.
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what did Giddens outline about sociology?
outlines the 4 benefits of studying sociology- understanding social situations, awareness of cultural differences, evaluating effects of policies, increase in self knowledge.
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who was Comte?
believed to have coined the term “sociology”. Was an early positivist.
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what did Durkheim argue?
believed that sociology could be science and that sociologists simply had to expose social facts through research. He did research on suicide rates in Europe.
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who was Karl popper? what did he believe?
science is falsifiable, it makes bold and testable statements unlike sociology.
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what does Weber argue?
we must put our selves in the position of our conscious subject matter using “verstehen” to understand meaning.
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what does Atkinson suggest?
Durkheim’s study of suicide could not be scientific although it used official statistics. Suicide rates are an interpretation of death.
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What does Harding argue?
science is based on male perceptions and is “male stream”.
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what does Hart argue?
much sociological research until recently was based on males.
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What does Ramazanoglu argue?
the role of a feminist ought to be to change gender inequality in society.
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What does Kuhn argue?
sociology is “pre paradigmatic”, sociologists try to solve different puzzles unlike science which builds on previous knowledge.
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What does Rorty argue?
scientists have replaced priests as the source of truth.
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What does Sayer argue?
the real unique factor of science is its need to find underlying structures just like sociology. He argues that science only aims to be as “objective as possible”.
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Who were Comte and Durkheim and what did they believe?
early positivists who believed that sociology could be value free. They argue the role of sociology is to discover the truth about society we can then use this knowledge to improve.
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What did Marx argue about his research?
argued that he used historical analysis when forming his theory meaning that it could be classed as value free.
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What did Weber argue about research?
sociological values should only be used as a guide to research, and during the interpretation. They should be excluded when collecting data.
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What does Gouldner argue?
sociologists in the modern era have become ‘spiritless technicians” solving problems for other people.
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What did Mydral argue?
sociology cannot be and should not be value free. Sociologists should take sides.
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What did Becker argue?
sociologists should use their values and power to help the under dog of society. Its role is to give a voice to those who lack one.
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What did Gouldner argue about values?
there will always be an influence of values whether it be the sociologists or the funding body.
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Card 2

Front

what was Herbert Spencer's theory?

Back

Organic analogy.

Card 3

Front

what did Talcott Parsons outline?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what did Merton argue?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what did Charles Murray focus on?

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